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((Short description|1932 novel by Stella Gibbons))
((about|the novel|the 1995 film|Cold Comfort Farm (film)))
((EngvarB|date=September 2013))
((Use dmy dates|date=November 2020))
((More citations needed|date=April 2019))
((Infobox book | 
| name          = Cold Comfort Farm
| title_orig    =
| translator    =
| image         = File:ColdComfortFarm.jpg 
| caption       = First edition
| author        = [[Stella Gibbons]]
| illustrator   =
| cover_artist  =
| country       = United Kingdom
| language      = English
| series        =
| genre         = [[Comic novel]]
| publisher     = [[Longman]]
| release_date  = 8 September 1932
| english_release_date =
| media_type    = Print (hardback)
| pages         = xii, 307 pp
| isbn          = 0-14-144159-3 |isbn_note= (current [[Penguin Books|Penguin]] Classics edition)
| preceded_by   =
| followed_by   =
))
'''''Cold Comfort Farm''''' is a comic novel by English author [[Stella Gibbons]], published in 1932. It parodies the romanticised, sometimes doom-laden accounts of rural life popular at the time, by writers such as [[Mary Webb]].

== Plot summary ==
Following the death of her parents, the book's heroine, Flora Poste, finds she is possessed "of every art and grace save that of earning her own living". She decides to take advantage of the fact that "no limits are set, either by society or one's own conscience, to the amount one may impose on one's relatives", and settles on visiting her distant relatives at the isolated Cold Comfort Farm in the fictional village of Howling in [[Sussex]]. The inhabitants of the farm – Aunt Ada Doom, the Starkadders, and their extended family and workers – feel obliged to take her in to atone for an unspecified wrong once done to her father.

As is typical in a certain genre of romantic 19th-century and early 20th-century literature, each of the farm's inhabitants has some long-festering emotional problem caused by ignorance, hatred, or fear, and the farm is badly run. Flora, being a level-headed, urban woman in the [[dandy]] tradition,<ref>M. Green, ''Children of the Sun'' (London 1977) p. 265</ref> determines that she must apply modern common sense to their problems and help them adapt to the 20th century – bringing metropolitan values into the sticks.<ref>D. Matless, ''Landscape and Englishness'' (London 2016) p. 194</ref>

==Inspirations==
As parody of the "loam and lovechild" genre, ''Cold Comfort Farm'' alludes specifically to a number of novels both in the past and contemporarily in vogue when Gibbons was writing. According to Faye Hammill's "Cold Comfort Farm, D. H. Lawrence, and English Literary Culture Between the Wars", the works of [[Sheila Kaye-Smith]] and [[Mary Webb]] are the chief influence:<ref name=hammill>((cite journal |last1=Hammill |first1=Faye |title=Cold Comfort Farm, D. H. Lawrence, and English Literary Culture Between the Wars |journal=Modern Fiction Studies |volume=47 |issue=4 |year=2001 |pages=831–854 |jstor=26286499 |doi=10.1353/mfs.2001.0086|s2cid=162211201 |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/148864/1/148864.pdf ))</ref> she considered that the farm is modelled on Dormer House in Webb's ''[[The House in Dormer Forest]]'', and Aunt Ada Doom on Mrs. Velindre in the same book.<ref name=hammill/> The farm-obsessed Reuben's original is in Kaye-Smith's ''Sussex Gorse'', and the Quivering Brethren on the Colgate Brethren in Kaye-Smith's ''Susan Spray''.<ref name=hammill/> Others see [[John Cowper Powys]]'s rural mysticism as a further target, as featured in his [[Wessex]] novel ''[[Wolf Solent]]'' (1929): "He felt as if he enjoyed at that hour some primitive life-feeling that was identical with what those pollarded elms felt."<ref>Quoted in D. Matless, ''Landscape and Englishness'' (London 2016) p. 195</ref>

The speech of the Sussex characters is a parody of rural dialects (in particular [[Sussex]] and West Country accents – another parody of novelists who use phonics to portray various accents and dialects) and is sprinkled with fake but authentic-sounding local vocabulary such as ''mollocking'' (Seth's favourite activity, undefined but invariably resulting in the pregnancy of a local maid), ''sukebind'' (a weed whose flowering in the Spring symbolises the quickening of sexual urges in man and beast; the word is presumably formed by analogy to 'woodbine' ([[honeysuckle]]) and [[bindweed]]) and ''clettering'' (an impractical method used by Adam for washing dishes, which involves scraping them with a dry twig or ''clettering stick'').
		
Her portrayal of libidinous Meyerburg, "Mr Mybug", may have been aimed at Hampstead intellectuals (particularly [[Sigmund Freud|Freudians]] and admirers of [[D. H. Lawrence]]), but has also been seen as [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] in its description of his physiognomy and nameplay.<ref>((Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Clive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aptXEAAAQBAJ |title=Bestsellers: Popular Fiction Since 1900 |date=2022-01-03 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-79154-4 |language=en))</ref><ref>((cite book | author=Humble, Nicola |year=2001 |title=The Feminine Middlebrow Novel 1920s – 1950s |publisher= Oxford University Press | page=30))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Greenberg |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdkeBsrohPIC |title=Modernism, Satire and the Novel |date=2011-09-15 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50151-4 |language=en))</ref>

==Sequels, responses, and influence==

[[Sheila Kaye-Smith]], often said to be one of the rural writers parodied by Gibbons in ''Cold Comfort Farm'', arguably gets her own back with a tongue-in-cheek reference to ''Cold Comfort Farm'' within a subplot of ''A Valiant Woman'' (1939), set in a rapidly modernising village.<ref>Pearce, H. (2008) "Sheila's Response to Cold Comfort Farm", ''The Gleam'': Journal of the Sheila Kaye-Smith Society, No 21.</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Clive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aptXEAAAQBAJ |title=Bestsellers: Popular Fiction Since 1900 |date=2022-01-03 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-79154-4 |language=en))</ref> The upper middle-class teenager Lucia turns from writing charming rural poems to a great Urban Proletarian Novel: "… all about people who aren't married going to bed in a [[Manchester]] slum and talking about [[Means test#United Kingdom|the Means Test]]." Her philistine grandmother is dismayed: she prefers "cosy" rural novels, and knows Lucia is ignorant of proletarian life:

((quote|That silly child!  Did she really think she could write a novel?  Well, of course, modern novels might encourage her to think so.  There was nothing written nowadays worth reading.  The book on her knee was called ''Cold Comfort Farm'' and had been written by a young woman who was said to be very clever and had won an important literary prize.  But she couldn't get on with it at all.  It was about life on a farm, but the girl obviously knew nothing about country life.  To anyone who, like herself, had always lived in the country, the whole thing was too ridiculous and impossible for words.))

[[Elizabeth Janeway]] responded to the lush ruralism of [[Laurie Lee]]'s memoir ''[[Cider with Rosie]]'' by suggesting an astringent counterblast might be found by "looking for an old copy of Stella Gibbons's ''Cold Comfort Farm''".<ref>V. Grove, ''Laurie Lee'' (London 1999) p. 319</ref>

== Characters ==
In order of appearance:

In London:
*Flora Poste: the heroine, a nineteen-year-old from London whose parents have recently died
*Mary Smiling: a widow, Flora's friend in London
*Charles Fairford: Flora's cousin in London, studying to become a [[parson]]

In Howling village Sussex:
*Judith Starkadder: Flora's cousin, wife of Amos, with an unhealthy preoccupation for her own son Seth
*Seth Starkadder: younger son of Amos and Judith, handsome and over-sexed, with a passion for the movies
*Ada Doom: Judith's mother, a reclusive, miserly widow, owner of the farm, who constantly complains of having seen "something nasty in the woodshed" when she was a girl
*Adam Lambsbreath: 90-year-old farm hand, obsessed with his cows and with Elfine
*Mark Dolour: farm hand, father of Nancy
*Amos Starkadder: Judith's husband and hellfire preacher at the Church of the Quivering Brethren ("Ye're all damned!")
*Amos's half-cousins: Mica, married to Susan; Urk, who expects to marry Elfine and is devoted to water-voles; Ezra, married to Jane; Caraway, married to Lettie; Harkaway
*Amos's half-brothers: Luke, married to Prue; Mark, divorced from Susan and married to Phoebe
*Reuben Starkadder: Amos's heir, jealous of anyone who might stand between him and his inheritance of the farm
*Meriam Beetle: hired girl and mother of Seth's four children
*Mrs Beetle: Meriam's mother, cleaning lady, rather more sensible than the Starkadders
*Elfine: an intellectual, nature-loving girl of the Starkadder family, who is besotted with the local squire Richard Hawk-Monitor of Hautcouture (pronounced "Howchiker") Hall
*Mrs Murther: landlady of The Condemn'd Man [[Pub|public house]]
*Mr Meyerburg (whom Flora thinks of as "Mr Mybug"): a writer who pursues Flora and insists that she only refuses him because she is sexually repressed; he is working on a thesis that the works of the Brontë sisters were written by their brother [[Branwell Brontë]]
*Claud Hart-Harris: urbane friend of Flora's whom she summons to accompany her, Seth and Elfine to a ball at Hautcouture Hall
*Mrs Hawk-Monitor: initially far from being pleased at her son's choice of bride
*Rennett: unwanted daughter of Susan and Mark
*Dr Müdel: psychoanalyst
*Mr Neck: film producer

Animals at Cold Comfort Farm:
*Graceless, Aimless, Feckless, and Pointless:  the farm's cows and Adam Lambsbreath's chief charge
*Viper:  the horse, who pulls the [[Trap (carriage)|trap]] which is the farm's main transportation
*Big Business: the bull, who spends most of his time inside the barn

==Futurism==
Although the book was published in 1932, the setting is an unspecified near future, shortly after the "Anglo-Nicaraguan wars of 1946". It refers to future social and demographic changes, such as the changing neighbourhoods of London: [[Mayfair]] has become a slum and [[Lambeth]] is fashionable.<ref>((cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Imogen Russell|title=Comfort reading: Cold Comfort Farm by Stella Gibbons|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/dec/15/comfort-reading-cold-comfort-farm|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=The Guardian|date=15 December 2013))</ref>

The book contains technological developments that Gibbons thought might have been invented by then, such as TV phones and air-taxis, so the novel has been compared to [[science fiction]].<ref>((cite book|last1=Hammill|first1=Faye|title=Women, celebrity, and literary culture between the wars|date=2010|publisher=Univ of Texas Press|location=[S.l.]|isbn=9780292726062|page=172))</ref>

== Prequel and Sequel ==
* ''Christmas at Cold Comfort Farm'' (actually a collection of short stories, of which ''Christmas'' was the first) was published in 1940. It is a prequel of sorts, set before Flora's arrival at the farm, and is a parody of a typical family Christmas.<ref>''Christmas at Cold Comfort Farm''</ref>

* ''Conference at Cold Comfort Farm'', a sequel, was published in 1949 to mixed reviews.<ref>''Conference at Cold Comfort Farm''</ref>

==Adaptations==
''Cold Comfort Farm'' has been adapted several times, including twice by [[BBC]] television.

* In 1968 a television serial was made, dramatised by David Turner in three 45 minute episodes. It starred [[Alastair Sim]] as Amos, [[Fay Compton]] as Aunt Ada, [[Sarah Badel]] as Flora Poste, [[Rosalie Crutchley]] as Judith, [[Brian Blessed]] as Reuben and [[Peter Egan]] as Seth. <ref>((cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066926/|title=Cold Comfort Farm (TV Mini-Series 1968)|author=William Drysdale|work=IMDb))</ref> [[Joan Bakewell]] was the narrator. This BBC adaptation was released on VHS but as of April 2014 is no longer available commercially, but can be seen on Youtube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AP0t3hUQKo.

* In 1981, the BBC produced a four-part radio adaptation by Elizabeth Proud, who also narrated. [[Pat Archer|Patricia Gallimore]] played Flora, and [[Miriam Margolyes]] played Mrs. Beetle. In January 1983, a 2-part sequel, ''There Have Always Been Starkadders at Cold Comfort Farm'', set several years later and based on ''Conference at Cold Comfort Farm'', when Flora is married with several children, was broadcast, with Patricia Gallimore again playing Flora.

* In 1995, [[Cold Comfort Farm (film)|a television film]] was produced that was generally well received by critics. Janet Maslin in ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that this screen version "gets it exactly right".<ref>((cite news| url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?_r=1&res=9500E3DA1539F933A25756C0A960958260&oref=slogin | work=The New York Times | first=Janet | last=Maslin | title=Film review;Country Cousins, Feudal And Futile | date=10 May 1996))</ref> The film starred [[Kate Beckinsale]] as Flora, [[Joanna Lumley]] as her friend and mentor Mary Smiling, [[Rufus Sewell]] as Seth, [[Ian McKellen]] as Amos Starkadder, [[Eileen Atkins]] as Judith, [[Stephen Fry]] as Mybug,  and [[Angela Thorne]] as Mrs Hawk-Monitor. [[Freddie Jones]], who had played both Urk and Dr Mudel in the 1968 version, appeared as Adam Lambsbreath, while [[Miriam Margolyes]] again played Mrs. Beetle. The 1995 version was produced by [[BBC Films]] and [[Thames Television|Thames International]], and was directed by [[John Schlesinger]], from a script by novelist [[Malcolm Bradbury]]. It was filmed on location at Brightling, East Sussex. In 1996 and 1997, this version also had a brief theatrical run in North America, Australia<ref>((cite web|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19960524/REVIEWS/605240301/1023|title=Cold Comfort Farm|author=Roger Ebert|date=24 May 1996|work=suntimes.com|access-date=30 March 2007|archive-date=8 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308094700/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19960524/REVIEWS/605240301/1023|url-status=dead))</ref> and some European countries.<ref>[https://pro-labs.imdb.com/title/tt0112701/details?ref_=tt_nav_dtl_rel "Release Dates".] IMDbPro. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</ref> Schlesinger reportedly used his own money to enlarge the 16mm BBC version of the film to 35mm,<ref>((cite web | title= Cold Comfort Farm: Words |url= http://www.mckellen.com/cinema/cold/notes.htm| last= McKellen| first= Ian|date= June 2000| website= McKellen.com | accessdate= 29 July 2018 ))</ref> which was turned down by several US distributors((citation needed|date=April 2014)) before being distributed by [[Gramercy Pictures]]. As of April 2014, the film is still available on DVD in both the US and UK.

== Other uses of title ==

The book inspired [[Mellon family]] heiress [[Cordelia Scaife May]] to name her home "Cold Comfort", and to name her philanthropic foundation [[Colcom Foundation]].<ref>((cite news| url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-immigration-birdlady-20130725,0,1755748,full.story | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726085353/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-immigration-birdlady-20130725,0,1755748,full.story | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 July 2013 | work=Los Angeles Times| first=Joseph | last=Tanfani | title=Late heiress' anti-immigration efforts live on | date=25 July 2013))</ref>

==Critical reception==

''[[BBC News]]'' included ''Cold Comfort Farm'' on its list of the [[BBC list of 100 'most inspiring' novels|100 most influential novels]].<ref name=Bbc2019-11-05/>

== References ==
;Citations
((reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Bbc2019-11-05>
((cite news     
| url         = https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50302788
| title       = 100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts
| work        = [[BBC News]]
| date        = 2019-11-05
| accessdate  = 2019-11-10
| quote       = The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.
))
</ref>
))
;Bibliography
*((cite book | last=Bleiler | first=Everett | authorlink=Everett F. Bleiler | title=The Checklist of Fantastic Literature | location=Chicago | publisher=Shasta Publishers | pages=126 | year=1948))
* Cavaliero, Glen (1977) ''The Rural Tradition in the English Novel 1900–39'': Macmillan
* Kaye-Smith, Sheila (1939) ''A Valiant Woman'': Cassell & Co Ltd
* Trodd, Anthea (1980) ''Women's Writing in English: Britain 1900–1945'': Longmans.

==External links==

*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066926/ ''Cold Comfort Farm''] (1968) at [[IMDb]]  
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112701/ ''Cold Comfort Farm''] (1995) at [[IMDb]] 
*[https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?q=Cold+Comfort+Farm#top] ''Cold Comfort Farm'' at BBC Programme Index
*[https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?q=There+have+always+been+Starkadders+at+Cold+Comfort+Farm#top] ''There Have Always Been Starkadders at Cold Comfort Farm'' at BBC Programme Index

[[Category:1932 British novels]]
[[Category:British comedy novels]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:British satirical novels]]
[[Category:Fictional farms]]
[[Category:Novels set in Sussex]]
[[Category:Novels set on farms]]
[[Category:Parody novels]]
[[Category:1932 debut novels]]
[[Category:Longman books]]

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