An image depicting the formation of eddies as a closed off meander and a cold core ring.
The meanders of the gulf stream can form eddies. The image depicts a cold core ring as well as a meander of the gulf stream in the process of forming a cold core ring.

Cold core rings are a type of oceanic eddy, which are characterized as unstable, time-dependent swirling, independent ‘cells’ that separate from their respective ocean current and move into water bodies with different physical, chemical, and biological characteristics,[1] often bringing the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the waters of their origin into the water bodies into which they travel. Their size can range from 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to over 10,000 kilometers (6,200 mi) in diameter with depths over 5 kilometers (3.1 mi).[2] Cold core rings are the product of warm water currents wrapping around a colder water mass as it deviates away from its respective current. The direction an eddy swirls can be categorized as either cyclonic or anticyclonic, which is, in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise and clockwise respectively, and in the Southern Hemisphere, clockwise and counterclockwise respectively as a result of the Coriolis effect. Although eddies have large amounts of kinetic energy, their rotation is relatively quick to decrease in relation to the amount of viscous friction in water. They typically last for a few weeks to a year.[2] The nature of eddies are such that the center of the eddy, the outer swirling ring, and the surrounding waters are well stratified and maintain all of their distinctive physical, chemical, and biological properties throughout the eddy’s lifetime, before losing their distinctive characteristics at the end of the life of the cold core ring.[3]

Formation

The governing forces of an eddy are very dependent on its size. Small eddies are largely governed by viscosity and direction of the flow of a water body.[2] However larger eddies are formed from a balance between the horizontal pressure gradient force, arising from differences in densities of the meeting water masses, and the Coriolis force.[4] Due to the turbulent nature of the Earth’s oceans, eddies can be found almost everywhere. Mesoscale eddies are usually seen in areas of intense, meandering currents such as the Gulf Stream and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that feeds into the South Pacific and Indian oceans, but in general can be caused by a combination of factors such as cooling of sea surface temperature, convection, direct generation from wind, or water flow past an irregular or jagged coastline.[2] Cyclonic cold-core eddies are frequently formed at the polar front by the Gulf Stream and Labrador Current.[3] The cold, nutrient-rich waters from the Labrador Sea flow south and get caught in the eastward meandering of the Gulf Stream, traveling east across the Atlantic Ocean. Generally, cold core rings are formed when meanders expanding southeast are pinched from the Gulf Stream.

Permanent and semi-permanent cold core rings

Semi-permanent and permanent eddies are also relatively abundant throughout the world. These permanent and semi-permanent rings often form systematically in the same manner and often with the same drift and properties.[5] Some permanent eddies are regular enough to be given names within the ocean current system such as the cold-core Agulhas Ring off the tip of South Africa. Western boundary currents like the Agulhas, Brazil, and East Australian Currents are known for shedding eddies downward off from their ending points.[6] A semi-permanent cold-core eddy is periodically formed by the Loop Current in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, where warm water from the South Equatorial Current travels upwards through the south Caribbean ocean and flows into the Loop Current off the coast of Cancun.[7]

Characteristics and structure

Despite being surrounded by the highly saline and generally nutrient devoid waters of areas in the middle of oceanic gyres, cold core rings, especially those found in the Sargasso sea from the gulf stream, as mentioned before, have the ability to transport the nutrients and biota of the colder regions from which they originated into the warmer regions into which they travel. In Gulf Rings, the transport of nutrients facilitated by the cold core rings may be instrumental in sustaining the reduced productivity of the Sargasso Sea. As such, the cold core rings formed off the Gulf Stream is likely to influence the widespread distribution of zooplankton. Although the size of cold core rings can vary, their size typically varies from 100 to 300 kilometers, and travel at a speed of 150 centimeters per second.

All eddies are capable of transporting energy, momentum, heat, physical and chemical water properties, and even small organisms across very large distances, even when surrounded by waters that would not be conducive to the same.[4] Since eddies mix waters with different properties, they act as an exchange of nutrients from the continental shelf to the deeper ocean with differing properties as they travel. This makes them ideal locations for primary productivity, especially in areas of low nutrients, such as the center of open ocean gyres,[2] such as the Sargasso sea. The importance of these swirling masses lies in the incredible amount of kinetic energy they are able to transport both horizontally and vertically, their participation in air-sea interaction, and the irreversible mixing of water masses. These processes all contribute to the transfer of nutrients, oxygen, and trace chemicals, ocean stratification and density fields, and patterns of warmth that drive atmospheric and oceanic circulation.[3]

Transportation and habitation of organisms

Zooplankton are frequently influenced and displaced by the course of cold core rings.

In a study conducted in 1993, it was shown that cold core rings had the ability to transport species such as medusae and siphonophores and that even while surrounded completely by a warmer body of water, the medusae that was abundant outside of the cold core ring was not abundant within, and vice versa, showing that the conditions within and without of the cold core ring are conducive to certain species of medusae that otherwise would not be able to thrive in the original waters.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ Lochte, K.; Pfannkuche, O. (1987). "Cyclonic cold-core eddy in the eastern North Atlantic. II. Nutrients, phytoplankton and bacterioplankton" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 39 (2): 153–164. Bibcode:1987MEPS...39..153L. doi:10.3354/meps039153. JSTOR 24825670.
  2. ^ a b c d e Steele, J.; Turkian, K.; Thorpe, S., eds. (2001). "Mesoscale Eddies". Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Vol. 3. Academic Press. pp. 1717–1730. doi:10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00143-0. ISBN 9780123744739.
  3. ^ a b c The Ring Group (1981). "Gulf Stream cold-core rings: their physics, chemistry and biology". Science. 212 (4499): 1091–1100. Bibcode:1981Sci...212.1091R. doi:10.1126/science.212.4499.1091. JSTOR 1685370. PMID 17815202. S2CID 28248509.
  4. ^ a b Mittelstaedt, E. (1987). "Cyclonic cold-core eddy in the eastern North Atlantic. I. Physical description" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 39: 145–152. Bibcode:1987MEPS...39..145M. doi:10.3354/meps039145.
  5. ^ Crawford, W.; Greisman, P. (1987). "Investigation of permanent eddies in Dixon Entrance, British Columbia". Continental Shelf Research. 7 (8): 851–870. Bibcode:1987CSR.....7..851C. doi:10.1016/0278-4343(87)90002-1.
  6. ^ Pichevin, T.; Nof, D.; Lutjeharms, J. (1999). "Why Are There Agulhas Rings?". Journal of Physical Oceanography. 29 (4): 693–707. Bibcode:1999JPO....29..693P. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0693:WATAR>2.0.CO;2. hdl:11427/34533.
  7. ^ Biggs, Douglas C.; Zimmerman, Robert A. (1997). "Note on plankton and cold-core rings in the Gulf of Mexico". Fishery Bulletin. 95 (2).
  8. ^ Suarez-Morales, Eduardo (2002). "Planktonic cnidarians in a cold-core ring in the Gulf of Mexico". Serie Zoología. 73 (1): 19–36 – via Anales del Instituto de Biología.
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