Alcohol and health
The Collaborative Studies on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) is an eleven-center research project in the United States designed to understand the genetic basis of alcoholism.[1] Research is conducted at University of Connecticut, Indiana University, University of Iowa, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Washington University in St. Louis, University of California at San Diego, Rutgers University, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Virginia Commonwealth University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Howard University.
Henri Begleiter and Theodore Reich were founding PI and Co-PI of COGA. Since 1991, COGA has interviewed more than 17,000 members of more than 2,200 families from around the United States, many of whom have been longitudinally assessed. Family members, including adults, children, and adolescents, have been carefully characterized across a variety of domains, including other alcohol and other substance-related phenotypes, co-occurring disorders (e.g., depression), electrophysiology, key precursor behavioral phenotypes (e.g., conduct disorder), and environmental risk factors (e.g., stress). This has provided us with a very rich phenotypic dataset to complement the large repository of cell lines and DNA for current and future studies. We have made this dataset widely available to advance the field: hundreds of researchers have worked with data generated as part of COGA through a variety of different mechanisms including data sharing through dbGaP and the Genetic Analysis Workshops, as COGA collaborators, through meta-analysis consortia including the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, and as independent requestors for COGA samples and data.[2]
In studying alcoholism, COGA hopes to find better ways of treating alcoholism and improving the lives of the millions of people who suffer from alcoholism. The COGA project has achieved national and international acclaim for its accomplishments, and numerous articles about the study have been published in scientific journals.[3] This project is funded by the federal government (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) and is one of the largest of its kind to be done in the United States.
COGA's aim is to identify the genes involved in alcoholism. There is a large body of twin-studies and adoption-studies that show that the risk for alcoholism has a genetic component. COGA is trying to determine more specifically what genes are involved. There is no one gene that confers much risk for alcoholism, rather, thousands of variations in many genes contribute to the risk, as do many aspects of the environment. Examples of risk factors include one's level of response to alcohol, a person's neuroelectrochemistry, and other psychiatric disorders such as Antisocial Personality Disorder or clinical depression.
COGA researchers will interview subjects using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA),[4][5] specifically created for the COGA project. Each subject is asked to participate in the SSAGA, with different versions for adolescents and for parents being interviewed about their children. The SSAGA is a polydiagnostic psychiatric interview that will cover any drug or alcohol use as well as any emotional and/or medical problems the subject may have experienced. The SSAGA is designed to use diagnostic criterion from the DSM III-R, DSM IV, and ICD-10. The SSAGA has been translated into nine languages and has been used in over 275 studies; researchers can use the SSAGA in their own projects.[6] The wide adoption of the SSAGA ensures that data from COGA families are highly compatible with data from other studies and allows COGA to participate in numerous consortia that use meta-analytic methods to combine data and results.
COGA requests that their subjects provide a blood sample, which is then processed and examined at Rutgers University. DNA is used to identify variations in genes that affect the risk for alcoholism and related disorders.[7]
The brain wave is called an event-related potential (ERP) and is similar to an EEG. Brainwaves are monitored in a non-invasive procedure that involves placing a cap on the subject's head, similar to a bathing cap. This cap will monitor the brain's natural electrical activity and will record the brain's response when the subject is presented with various stimuli. Subjects respond to computer programs on a screen in front of them that flash various stimuli on the screen.
After a significant event, or an important stimuli to which the subject is instructed to respond, there is an increase in electrical activity. COGA is investigating, for example, the P3 (or P300) peak of the ERP that occurs approximately 300 ms after the stimuli presentation. Varying amplitudes of the wave have different behavioral implications. The amplitude is fairly consistent throughout families and steady across time, suggesting an inherited component, as opposed to an environmental component.
