The collective effective dose, dose quantity S, is calculated as the sum of all individual effective doses over the time period or during the operation being considered due to ionizing radiation.[1]: paragraph 159  It can be used to estimate the total health effects of a process or accidental release involving ionizing radiation to an exposed population.[2] The total collective dose is the dose to the exposed human population between the time of release until its elimination from the environment, perhaps integrating to time equals infinity. However, doses are generally reported for specific populations and a stated time interval. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) states: "To avoid aggregation of low individual doses over extended time periods and wide geographical regions the range in effective dose and the time period should be limited and specified.[1]: paragraph B238 

Limitations

The ICRP states; "Collective effective dose is an instrument for optimisation, for comparing radiological technologies and protection procedures. Collective effective dose is not intended as a tool for epidemiological studies, and it is inappropriate to use it in risk projections. This is because the assumptions implicit in the calculation of collective effective dose (e.g., when applying the LNT model) conceal large biological and statistical uncertainties. Specifically, the computation of cancer deaths based on collective effective doses involving trivial exposures to large populations is not reasonable and should be avoided.[1]: paragraph 161 

All calculations that involve adding doses assume the Linear no-threshold model (LNT) for health effects.[1]: paragraph 160  Particularly the collective dose will not give a good indication of health consequences where the doses to some individuals are large enough to cause to deterministic effects. The cancer risk due to a unit dose of radiation depends on the age and other characteristics of the population. Small local populations, for example radiation workers, may not have a typical population profile.

Both LNT and the concept of "collective dose" are criticized as speculative, lacking empirical evidence and based on unproved assumption that radiation "effect is cumulative over one’s lifetime, regardless of how low the rate of delivery of that dose (dose rate)".[3]

Releases of radioisotopes can expose future generations to ionizing radiation and the calculation of the collective dose from such releases will contain uncertainties. For example, it is impossible to be sure of future population sizes and habits (e.g. diet and agricultural practices). Also the effects of a given radiation dose in the future may be greater (longer life expectancies) or less (improvements in cancer treatment) than for current exposures.

When calculating the total collective dose due to a release of long-lived radionuclides (e.g. Carbon-14) it is necessary to make assumptions about the habits and population sizes of future generations, and sometimes it is assumed that population sizes and behaviour remain the same for all time.[4]

Dose units

The SI unit for Collective dose, S, is man-sieverts.[1]: paragraph 160  The person-rem is sometimes used as the non SI unit in some regulatory systems.

Examples

Atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in isolated areas often resulted in doses of less than 1 mSv to any individual. All the thousands of atmospheric tests that occurred in the 20th century together now cause a 30,000 man-Sv collective dose each year from fallout. The annual dose reduces each year.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Valentin J, ed. (2007). ICRP Publication 103 (PDF) (Report). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Elsevier.
  2. ^ Smith JG (2009). Simmonds JR (ed.). The methodology for assessing the radiological consequences of routine releases of radionuclides to the environment used in PC-CREAM 08. Didcot: Health Protection Agency. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-85951-651-8.
  3. ^ Sacks B, Meyerson G, Siegel JA (2016-06-01). "Epidemiology Without Biology: False Paradigms, Unfounded Assumptions, and Specious Statistics in Radiation Science (with Commentaries by Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake and Christopher Busby and a Reply by the Authors)". Biological Theory. 11 (2): 69–101. doi:10.1007/s13752-016-0244-4. PMC 4917595. PMID 27398078. This is analogous to observing that if a person takes 100 aspirins at one time there will be a single death, and then asserting that the same single death will occur on average as a result of 100 persons each taking one aspirin—in other words, it is like claiming that no matter how the 100 person-aspirins is distributed, the resulting number of deaths will be the same on average. Since we know that a single aspirin will not, in general, produce a single death even in 100 people, there must be something wrong with the expectation.
  4. ^ Smith JG (2009). Simmonds JR (ed.). The methodology for assessing the radiological consequences of routine releases of radionuclides to the environment used in PC-CREAM 08. Didcot: Health Protection Agency. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-85951-651-8.
  5. ^ "Radiation, People and the Environment". Topical Booklets & Overviews. International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 44.

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