Inscription (CIL 14.374) from Ostia Antica commemorating a Marcus Licinius Privatus, who was magister of a college of carpenters

A collegium (pl.: collegia) or college was any association in ancient Rome that acted as a legal entity. Such associations could be civil or religious. The word collegium literally means "society", from collega ("colleague").[1] They functioned as social clubs or religious collectives whose members worked towards their shared interests. These shared interests encompassed a wide range of the various aspects of urban life; including political interests, cult practices, professions, trade, and civic services.[2] The social connections fostered by collegia contributed to their influence on politics and the economy; acting as lobbying groups and representative groups for traders and merchants.[3]

Some collegia were linked to participating in political violence and social unrest, which resulted in the suppression of social associations by the Roman government.[4] Following the passage of the Lex Julia during the reign of Julius Caesar as Consul and Dictator of the Roman Republic (49–44 BC), and their reaffirmation during the reign of Caesar Augustus as Princeps senatus and Imperator of the Roman Army (27 BC–14 AD), collegia required the approval of the Roman Senate or the Emperor in order to be authorized as legal bodies.[5]

Civil collegia

Collegia could function as guilds, social clubs, or burial societies; in practice, in ancient Rome, they sometimes became organized bodies of local businessmen and even criminals, who ran the mercantile/criminal activities in a given urban region (similar to a rione). Legal collegia possessed certain rights, such as common property, a common treasury, and legal right to an attorney.[6] Large portions of the population of a town could be a part of collegia associations, with many aspects of daily life having corresponding collegia.[7] The organization of a collegium was often modeled on that of civic governing bodies, the Senate of Rome being the epitome. The meeting hall was often known as the curia, the same term as that applied to that of the Roman Senate.

The formation of collegia and other civil organized bodies were subject to the discretion of the central Roman government. After the implementation of Julius Caesar's social reforms between 49 and 44 BC (lex Iulia) and their reaffirmation by Augustus, collegia required the approval of the Roman Senate or the emperor in order to be authorized as legal bodies.[5]: 346–349  Collegia were often the target of restrictions and bans as a result of suspicions on the part of the Roman government about the function of these social associations.[8]

The legality of civil collegia was subject to constant legislation. In 64 BC, all civic collegia were banned by the Senate for being against the Roman constitution; only to be restored six years later in 58 BC.[9] Part of the social reforms of Julius Caesar's reign disbanded all but the most ancient collegia and instituted that any new collegia had to be deemed by the Senate to be useful to the community.[5]: 346  Later in the 2nd century AD, collegia in the Roman world showed signs of an increased tolerance on the part of the Roman government. Under Hadrian, inscriptions in Asia Minor depict collegia that functioned with more freedom as Roman restrictions became smaller and more temporary in scope.[10] The Roman emperor Aurelian imposed state control over collegia in the late 3rd century.[11]

Religious collegia

Religious collegia were formed by fraternities of priests, sanctioned by the Roman government, and provided a number of religious functions in Rome. These included the overseeing of ritual sacrifices, the practice of augury, the keeping of scriptures, the arranging of festivals, and the maintaining of specific religious cults.[12] Along with their religious functions, these kinds of collegia also had funerary and social functions; providing an outlet for fellowship as well as guaranteed burial services for its members.[13]

There were four great religious colleges (quattuor amplissima collegia) of Roman priests, in descending order of importance:

Other minor religious collegia existed, including:

Military Collegium

During Republican Rome and around 100 AD military Collegia were viewed as small and violent militias.[14] Inscriptions at Lambaesis date the formation of Legio III Augusta military clubs to the reign of Septimius Severus (193–211) and indicate that they were formed by petty officers and specialists attached to the various services of the legion.[15] During the Severan dynasty (193–235 AD), when unions, both commercial and industrial, became widespread, the government turned its attention to improving standards of living within the army. The basic purpose of military clubs was to help their members cover their funeral expenses. Officers and personnel assigned to special duties were not forbidden to join the clubs, but average soldiers in active duty could not form clubs or be members of them. Membership in a military collegium gave the officer insurance against unforeseen events requiring any substantial financial investment. Gathering places for these collegia have been identified within Lambaesis.

Locations

Epigraphic inscriptions indicate the Collegia appeared in 84 Roman cities including Rome. There may have been Collegia in Assisi, Clusium, Ligures Baebiani, Marsi, Pollentia, Praeneste, Tarraco, Vada Sabtia, and Uthina.[16] There were Collegias in Brixia, Aquinicum, Mediolanium, Ravenna Most Collegia were located in Italy, Pannonia, and Southern Gaul. Collegia are sparsely located in the other provinces.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ "college". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. "from Latin collegium society, from collega colleague"
  2. ^ Verboven, Koenraad (2011). "Introduction: Professional Collegia: Guilds or Social Clubs?". Ancient Society. 41: 187–195. JSTOR 44079950 – via JSTOR.
  3. ^ Verboven, Koenraad (2011). "Introduction: Professional Collegia: Guilds or Social Clubs?". Ancient Society. 41: 187–193. ISSN 0066-1619. JSTOR 44079950.
  4. ^ Meiggs, Russell (1973). Roman Ostia. Clarendon Press. pp. 311–312. ISBN 978-0-19-814810-4.
  5. ^ a b c de Ligt, Luuk (2001). "D. 47,22,1,pr.-1 and the formation of semi-public collegia". Latomus. 60 (2): 345–358. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41539517.
  6. ^ Watson, Alan, ed. (2009). The Digest of Justinian, Volume 1. University of Pennsylvania press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 9780812205510.
  7. ^ Meiggs, Russell (1973). Roman Ostia. Clarendon Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-19-814810-4.
  8. ^ Arnaoutoglou, Ilias (2002). "Roman Law and collegia in Asia Minor". Revue Internationale des droits de l'Antiquité. 43: 30–44.
  9. ^ Arnaoutoglou, Ilias (2002). "Roman Law and collegia in Asia Minor". Revue Internationale des droits de l'Antiquité. 43: 30.
  10. ^ Arnaoutoglou, Ilias (2002). "Roman Law and collegia in Asia Minor". Revue Internationale des droits de l'Antiquité. 43: 36.
  11. ^ Boatwright, Mary T.; Gargola, Daniel J.; Lenski, Noel; Talbert, Richard J.A. (2012). The Romans: From Village to Empire. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-19-973057-5.
  12. ^ Lintott, Andrew (1999). The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 183–186. ISBN 978-0198150688.
  13. ^ Bendlin, Andreas (2011). "Associations, funerals, sociality, and Roman law: the collegium of Diana and Antinous in Lanuvium (CIL 14.2112) reconsidered". Aposteldekret und Antikes Vereinswesen: Gemeinschaft und Ihre Ordnung: 217–218.
  14. ^ Work, Labour, and Professions in the Roman World. BRILL. 2016-10-27. ISBN 978-90-04-33168-6.
  15. ^ Ginsburg, Michael (1940). "Roman military clubs and their social functions". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 71. Johns Hopkins University Press: 149–156. doi:10.2307/283119. JSTOR 283119.
  16. ^ a b Liu, Jinyu (2009). Collegia Centonariorum: The Guilds of Textile Dealers in the Roman West. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17774-1.

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