.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (October 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Comandanta Ramona]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template ((Translated|es|Comandanta Ramona)) to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Comandanta Ramona
Born1959
near San Andrés de Larrainzer, Chiapas, Mexico
Died6 January 2006(2006-01-06) (aged 46–47)
near San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
OccupationRevolutionary

Comandanta Ramona (1959 – 6 January 2006) was an officer of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), a revolutionary indigenous autonomist organization based in the southern Mexican state of Chiapas. She led the Zapatista Army into San Cristóbal de las Casas during the Zapatista uprising of 1994, and was the first Zapatista to appear publicly in Mexico City.[1][2][3]

Biography

Ramona was born in 1959 in a Tzotzil Maya community in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico.[4][5] Ramona used to sell handmade goods to make a poor living before she joined the EZLN.[6]

By the 1990s, Ramona was a women's rights activist, and helped to draw up a 'Revolutionary Law on Women' through consulting with women in indigenous communities. This called for access to power in decision making, free choice of a spouse, an end to domestic abuse and access to health care.[1][2]

Ramona took control of the city of San Cristóbal de las Casas, the former capital of Chiapas, on 1 January 1994 during the Zapatista uprising. She was one of the seven women comandantas of the Zapatistas, and around one-third of the Zapatista army were women.[6] After the rebellion ended, she remained in the Lacandon Jungle with Subcomandante Marcos to apply political pressure on the Mexican government.[2]

In February 1994, Ramona was sent to the peace talks with the government in San Cristóbal's cathedral.[2]

In 1996, she traveled to Mexico City to help found the National Indigenous Congress, despite a government ban. Zapatista sympathisers surrounded her to prevent her arrest. She also addressed a crowd of 100,000 in the central plaza, highlighting the lack of a hospital in San Andrés de Larrainzer and that this meant indigenous people had to travel for 12 hours to get treatment.[7][2][6]

Health and death

By 1996, Ramona was seriously ill with kidney failure, and was granted immunity to travel to receive a kidney transplant from her brother.[1][6] She died on 6 January 2006 of kidney failure.[2]

Legacy

Ramona was famous for being masked and wearing traditional Indigenous clothing. Vendors in her hometown created doll replicas of Ramona in her honor, wearing traditional costume, a mask and carrying a gun.[6][1]

Ramona appeared in the 1996 film The Sixth Sun: Mayan Uprising in Chiapas.[8]

Ramona had campaigned for access to medical treatment: a Zapatista health clinic in La Garrucha is now named the Comandanta Ramona after her.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Zwarenstein, Carlyn (11 January 2006). "Legacy of a Zapatista Rebel". The Globe and Mail. p. 19.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Davison, Phil (9 January 2006). "Comandante Ramona". The Independent. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  3. ^ "Zapatista leader Ramona dies". Al Jazeera. 7 January 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  4. ^ Queen of the Neighbourhood Collective (2010). Revolutionary Women: A Book of Stencils. Oakland, California: PM Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-1604862003.
  5. ^ Amozurrutia, Alina (2008). 101 Mujeres en la Historia de México (in Spanish). Mexico City: Grijalbo. p. 301. ISBN 978-9708103282.
  6. ^ a b c d e Wolfwood, Terry (August 1997). "Who Is Comandanta Ramona?" (PDF). Third World Resurgence. No. 84. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  7. ^ Ross, John (17 March 1999). "The Zapatistas are Back". LA Weekly. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  8. ^ Saul Landau (April 1997). The Sixth Sun: Mayan Uprising in Chiapas. Round Whirled Records. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  9. ^ Hesketh, Chris (2013). "The Clash of Spatializations: Geopolitics and Class Struggles in Southern Mexico". Latin American Perspectives. 40 (4): 70–87. doi:10.1177/0094582X12469603. ISSN 0094-582X. JSTOR 23465977. S2CID 145341846. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
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