Commandaria (also called Commanderia and Coumadarka; Greek: κουμανδαρία, κουμανταρία and Cypriot Greek κουμανταρκά[1]) is an amber-coloured sweet dessert wine made in the Commandaria region of Cyprus on the foothills of the Troödos Mountains. Commandaria is made from sun-dried grapes of the varieties Xynisteri and Mavro. While often a fortified wine, through its production method it often reaches high alcohol levels, around 15%, already before fortification. It represents an ancient wine style documented in Cyprus back to 800 BC and has the distinction of being the world's oldest named wine still in production, with the name Commandaria dating back to the crusades in the 12th century.

History

The wine has a long history, said to date back to the time of the ancient Greeks, when it was a popular drink at festivals. A dried grape wine from Cyprus was first known to be described in 800 BC by the Greek poet Hesiod and was known by, much later, as the Cypriot Manna.[2][3]

Commandaria by KEO

During the crusades, Commandaria was served at the 12th-century wedding of King Richard the Lionheart to Berengaria of Navarre, in the town of Limassol; it was during the wedding that King Richard pronounced Commandaria "the wine of kings and the king of wines".[4] Near the end of the century he sold the island to the Knights Templar, who then sold it to Guy de Lusignan, but kept a large feudal estate at Kolossi, close to Limassol, to themselves. This estate was referred to as "La Grande Commanderie". The word Commanderie referred to the military headquarters whilst Grande helped distinguish it from two smaller such command posts on the island, one close to Paphos (Phoenix) and another near Kyrenia (Templos). This area under the control of the Knights Templar (and subsequently the Knights Hospitaller) became known as Commandaria.[5] When the knights began producing large quantities of the wine for export to Europe's royal courts and for supplying pilgrims en route to the holy lands, the wine assumed the name of the region. Thus it has the distinction of being the world's oldest named wine still in production.[6][7][8]

Although today it is produced and marketed under the name Commandaria, it has been referred to with several similar names and spellings in the past. In 1863, Thomas George Shaw in his book Wine, the vine, and the cellar refers to this wine as Commanderi[9] whilst in 1879, Samuel Baker refers to it as Commanderia.[10] In 1833 Cyrus Redding in his book "A history and description of modern wines" makes reference to the wine of the "Commandery".[11]

Legend has it that in the 13th century Philip Augustus of France held the first ever wine tasting competition. The event, branded The Battle of the Wines (fr. La Bataille des Vins), was recorded in a notable French poem written by Henry d'Andeli in 1224.[12] The competition which included wines from all over Europe and France, was won by a sweet wine from Cyprus widely believed to be Commandaria.[13] The Commandery region itself fell into the control of his descendant Philip IV in 1307, after the suppression of the Knights Templar.

Another legend has it that the Ottoman sultan Selim II invaded the island just to acquire Commandaria; also that the grapes used to make this wine were the same grapes exported to Portugal that eventually became famous as the source of port wine.[14]

Production

Mavro grapes used in the production of Commandaria.

Commandaria is made exclusively from two types of indigenous Cyprus grapes: Xynisteri and Mavro.[15][16] The grapes are left to overripe on the vine and when sugar content reaches acceptable levels (corresponding to high must weight) they are harvested. More specifically, Xynisteri is picked when at around 12 degrees Baumé (°Bé) and Mavro at 15-16 °Bé. The grapes are then laid out in the sun to further increase the sugar density through evaporation. When the must weight reaches 19 to 23 °Bé the juice is extracted through crushing and pressing.[17] Fermentation takes place in reservoirs and will arrest naturally due to the high levels of alcohol achieved at around 15%. The above process has to take place within the confines of 14 designated villages that lie in the Commandaria Region (see below). Commandaria, by law, is aged for at least two years in Oak Barrels but this can take place outside the above-designated area within Cyprus under strict control and under the conditions laid down in Cypriot legislation.[18]

Once fermentation has been completed, at a minimum alcohol level of 10% (which is often exceeded), the alcoholic strength of Commandaria may be increased by the addition of pure 95% grape alcohol or a wine distillate of at least 70% alcohol to a minimum of 15% of alcohol. However, after this addition, the wine's actual alcohol content may not exceed 20%, while its total potential alcohol (including its sugar content) must be at least 22.5%.[19] Thus, Commandaria may be a fortified wine, but fortification is not mandatory.

Xynisteri grapes.

The origins of the production method are not definite. In his poem Works and Days, written in the 7th century BC, Hesiod, writes:

Forget not next the ripen'd Grapes to lay, Ten Nights in Air, nor take them in by Day; Five more remember, e're the Wine is made, To let them ly, to mellow in the Shade; And in the sixth briskly yourself employ, To cask the Gift of Bacchus, Sire of Joy."[20]

Pliny the Elder describes similar methods employed by the Greeks for making sweet wines,

The grapes are left on the vine to dry in the sun...It is made by drying grapes in the sun, and then placing them for seven days in a closed place upon hurdles, some seven Feet from the ground, care being taken to protect them at night from the dews: on the eighth day they are trodden out: this method, it is said, produces a liquor of exquisite bouquet and flavour. The liquor known as melitites is also one of the sweet wines [21]

In his account, Samuel Baker describes the production in 1879

...the commanderia grapes are collected and spread upon the flat mud-plastered roofs of the native houses and are exposed for several days until they show symptoms of shriveling in the skin, and the stalks have partially dried: they are then pressed……"

He claims that the evolution of this method was more out of necessity than choice..…

"It has been imagined by some travellers that the grapes are purposely dried before pressing; on the other hand, I have been assured by the inhabitants that their only reason for heaping and exposing their crop upon the house-tops is the danger of leaving it to ripen in the vineyard. None of the plots are fenced, and before the grapes are sufficiently ripe for pressing they are stolen in large quantities, or destroyed by cattle, goats, mules, and every stray animal that is attracted to the fields…."[22]

Commandaria was produced by the large wine industries (KEO, ETKO, LOEL, and SODAP) and by a few small local producers of the Commandaria appellation zone (see below). Nowadays several other modern wineries are producing high-quality Commandaria (Oenou Yi, Tsiakas, Kyperounda, etc.).

Data recorded by Samuel Baker in his book Cyprus - How I saw it in 1879 reveal that in the late 19th century Cyprus had an annual production of about 300,000 okes, equivalent to about 385,000 litres (data reflects only duty-paid production). Of this, Cyprus exported 180,103 okes from Limassol Port, of which the vast majority went to Austria (155,000 okes valued at UK£2,075).[10]

Official figures released by Cyprus’ Vines Products Commission show that there is a generally increasing trend in the volumes produced. Much of Commandaria production is still targeted for export.[23]

Year 1878 1879 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Total Production (in kilograms of grapes processed) 150,000[24] 385,000[25] 253,495 155,925 209,250 564,179 449,290
Total Exports (in litres) 200,000[25] 228,369 210,953 189,384 189,236 82,728

Authentication

Map of SW Cyprus outlining the Commandaria region

Currently Commandaria holds a protected designation of origin (PDO) within the European Union,[26] the United States[27] and Canada.[28][29] By Cypriot legislation passed on 2 March 1990, it is only produced in a collection of 14 neighbouring villages: Agios Georgios, Agios Konstantinos, Agios Mamas, Agios Pavlos, Apsiou, Gerasa, Doros, Zoopigi, Kalo Chorio, Kapilio, Laneia, Louvaras, Monagri and Silikou. The designated area has assumed the name of the Commandaria Region and is located on the south-facing slopes of the Troödos Mountains at an altitude of 500-900m within the Limassol District. Only grapes from vineyards that have been planted for at least 4 years are allowed. Vine training must follow the goblet method and watering is prohibited. The grape harvest may only commence after the vine products commission of Cyprus has given the green light, based on the average sugar content of the grapes. Xinisteri grapes must demonstrate a sugar content of 212 g/L whilst Mavro can only qualify with a reading of 258 g/L and above. The sugar concentration is then raised by laying the grapes in the sun, usually for 7–10 days, to a strict window of 390 to 450g/L.[30]

In February 2006, the Wine Products Association of Cyprus selected an official Commandaria wine glass, manufactured by Riedel, an Austrian wine glass company.[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Κουμανταρκά (κουμανδαρία)". foodmuseum.cs.ucy.ac.cy (in Greek). Cyprus Food Virtual Museum. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  2. ^ ed. by George Charalambous ... (1981). The Quality of Foods and Beverages: Chemistry and Technology. ed. George E. Inglett & George Charalambous. Academic Press Inc. ISBN 0-12-169101-2. ((cite book)): |author= has generic name (help)
  3. ^ Kambas, Michele (21 May 2005). "Cypriots thought to be first Mediterranean winemakers". Kathimerini. Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
  4. ^ Ktisti, Sarah (11 August 2009). "Ancient Cypriot wine enters vintage major league". Reuters. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  5. ^ Brewster, D. (1830). "The Edinburgh encyclopaedia (Volume VII, page 538)" (PDF). William Blackwood.
  6. ^ "The Oldest Manufactured Wine". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  7. ^ Levin, David (November 2000). "The Wines of Aphrodite's Isle". Wine Business Monthly. Wine Communications Group. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
  8. ^ Campbell Mackay, Jill (5 March 2006). "On the wine trail with Jill Campbell Mackay". Cyprus Mail. Retrieved 2 April 2007. [dead link]
  9. ^ Shaw, Thomas George (1863). "Wine, the vine, and the cellar". Longman. p. 315. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
  10. ^ a b Samuel W. Baker (1879). Cyprus, as I Saw it in 1879. Project Gutenberg (Etext edition, 2003). p. 120.
  11. ^ Redding, Cyrus (1833). "A history and description of modern wines". Whittaker Treacher & Arnot. p. 263. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
  12. ^ Henri, d'Andeli (1224). "La Bataille des Vins" (in French). verse 15. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
  13. ^ "Wine, the Last 1,000 Years". h2g2. BBC. 21 May 2002.
  14. ^ Matus, Victorino (24 April 2002). "Selling Cyprus". The Daily Standard. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
  15. ^ Mastropavlos, Nikos (13 March 2014). "Οι δρόμοι του κρασιού στη Μεγαλόνησο". tovima.gr (in Greek). To Vima. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  16. ^ Meuse, Stephen (6 June 2010). "Winemaking in transition". The Boston Globe. p. 2. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  17. ^ "Commandaria Production Details". LOEL website. Archived from the original on 7 March 2007. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
  18. ^ "Negotiation results on Wine (page 6 negotiation position No 29)" (PDF). European Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2007.
  19. ^ Jancis Robinson, ed. (2006). "Commandaria". Oxford Companion to Wine (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 190. ISBN 0-19-860990-6.
  20. ^ Hesiod (1810). "Works and Days, Book 2". English Translations: From Ancient and Modern Poems. Vol. 2. Thomas Cooke (trans.). N. Blandford. p. 751.
  21. ^ "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT TREES., CHAP. 11. (9.)—EIGHTEEN VARIETEIS OF SWEET WINE. RAISIN-WINE AND HEPSEMA". perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  22. ^ Samuel White Baker (October 2005). Cyprus As I Saw It in 1879. Echo Library. ISBN 1-84637-912-1.
  23. ^ Ioannou, Yiannis (8 May 2006). "Επιστροφή στην κουμανδαρία (Return to Commandaria)". Simerini (in Greek). Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
  24. ^ Note: converted from figures given in okes (from Samuel Baker reference)
  25. ^ a b Note: does not include non-taxed production, converted from figures given in okes (from Samuel Baker reference)
  26. ^ "COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 1429/2004" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. 9 August 2004. Retrieved 30 March 2007.
  27. ^ "Agreement between the European Community and the United States of America on trade in wine" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. 24 March 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
  28. ^ "Trademarks Act" (PDF). Canada Gazette Part I. 138 (50): 3639. 12 November 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
  29. ^ Diogenous, Katya (16 April 2004). "Official patent for Commandaria". Cyprus Mail. Retrieved 27 January 2007. [dead link]
  30. ^ "Από τον Ριχάρδο στην Ονομασία Προέλευσης (From Richard the Lionheart to DOC)". Politis Newspaper (in Greek). 8 March 2004. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2007.
  31. ^ "Old wine in a new glass". Cyprus Mail. 26 March 2006. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007.

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