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((Short description|Charitable organization founded in London))
((Use dmy dates|date=June 2019))
((Use British English|date=July 2015))
((More citations needed section|date=January 2021))

[[File:GeorgianaofDevonshire.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A portrait of [[Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|Georgiana Cavendish]] by [[Thomas Gainsborough]]. Cavendish was a prominent member of the committee.]]

The '''Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor''' was a [[charitable organisation]] founded in [[1786 in Great Britain|London in 1786]] to provide sustenance for distressed people of African and Asian origin. It played a crucial role in the proposal to form [[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate|a colony for black refugees in Sierra Leone]]. The work of the Committee overlapped to some extent with [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|the campaign to abolish slavery throughout the British Empire]].

==The Poor Black in 18th-century Britain==
The "Black Poor" was the collective name given in the 18th century [[Poor relief|indigent residents]] of the capital who were of [[Black people|black descent]]. The Black Poor had diverse origins. The core of the community were people who had been brought to London as a result of the [[Atlantic slave trade]], sometimes as slaves or [[Indentured servitude|indentured servants]] who had served on [[slave ship]]s. The numbers of the Black Poor were increased by slaves who ran away from their owners, and found refuge in the London communities.<ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", India a;lji ankle fe is eu.  saf''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), pp. 27-8. https://www.historymatters.online/journal Retrieved 1 March 2021.</ref>

From as early as 1596, Queen [[Elizabeth I]] complained about the presence of "blackamoores" in London. The Black Poor had become a rare but noticeable sight on the streets of London. Most of the Black Poor lived in impoverished [[East End]] parishes, such as [[Mile End]]; or in [[Seven Dials, London|Seven Dials]], near [[Covent Garden Market]]; and in the more prosperous [[Marylebone]]. A community took root in [[Paddington]] in West London.<ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", ''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), p. 26. https://www.historymatters.online/journal Retrieved 1 March 2021.</ref>

The Black Poor formed a portion of the broader [[Black British]] community predominantly employed in menial urban jobs like the vast majority of the working London population, but had prominent members such as tradesman [[Ignatius Sancho]] and writer [[Olaudah Equiano]]. In 1731 the [[Corporation of London]] barred "Negroes or other Blacks" from apprenticeships with any freeman of a [[livery company]] (an institution somewhere between a medieval guild and a trade union), thereby limiting opportunities for advancement in skilled trades. At the time, black sailors served on both [[Royal Navy]] and merchant ships.<ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", ''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), pp. 26-30.</ref>

Pro-slavery advocates accused the Black Poor of being responsible for a large proportion of crime. Slave owner [[Edward Long (colonial administrator)|Edward Long]] criticised marriage between black men and white women.<ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", ''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), pp. 28-33.</ref>

The numbers of Black Poor in London increased significantly in the aftermath of the American War of Independence, which occurred between 1776-1783. [[Lord Dunmore's Proclamation]] resulted in several thousand black slaves running away from the estates of Patriots, and they fought on the side of the British. At the conclusion of the war, the British transported many of these [[Black Loyalist]] soldiers [[Black Nova Scotians|to Nova Scotia]], but a lot of them found their way to London. Historians estimate that [[Black Company of Pioneers|Black Pioneers]] made up about half of the Black Londoners.<ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", ''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), pp. 33-6.</ref>

In 1786, hundreds of Black Poor were receiving poor assistance.<ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", ''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), pp. 34-5.</ref>

==Relief efforts==
[[File:Stingo.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Yorkshire Stingo]], a [[Pub|public house]] in [[Marylebone]]. The committee used this pub as a distribution outlet for alms to the Black Poor.]]

On 5 January 1786, an announcement appeared in the ''[[Public Advertiser]]'' that Mr. Brown, a baker in [[Wigmore Street]], [[Cavendish Square]], was to "give a Quartern Loaf to every Black in Distress, who will apply on Saturday next between the Hours of Twelve and Two". Details followed that enabled black citizens to subscribe. A meeting was organised for 10 January and by the end of the month, a group had summarised the situation. Originally concern was expressed about [[Lascar]]s, Asian seamen. But, the group found that there were about 250 "Blacks in Distress," of whom only 35 came from the [[East Indies]], the others being from Africa or the [[West Indies]]. One hundred men said they had been in the [[Royal Navy]]. In common with other responses to serious social problems, the issue was addressed by concerned citizens who set up appeals and fund-raising lists, e.g. there was also a subscription list to support distressed weavers in [[Spitalfields]].

After the original meeting, held in the premises of Mr Faulder, a bookseller of [[Bond Street]], subsequent meetings were held in [[English coffeehouses in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries|Batson's Coffee House]], opposite the [[Royal Exchange, London|Royal Exchange]]. The effort attracted some prominent figures from London's financial elite: [[George Peters (banker)|George Peters]], [[Governor of the Bank of England]], [[Thomas Boddington]], the noted philanthropist and slave owner, [[John Julius Angerstein]], General [[Robert Melvill]]e. [[Montagu Burgoyne]] was the original chair person, but after a few weeks his business interests took him away from London and he was replaced by Benjamin Johnson, who in turn suffered ill-health and was replaced by [[Jonas Hanway]]. The abolitionists [[Samuel Hoare Jr|Samuel Hoare]] and two of the three Thornton brothers, [[Henry Thornton (abolitionist)|Henry]] and [[Samuel Thornton (MP)|Samuel]], were also involved, along with [[James Pettit Andrews]] and Sir Joseph Andrews.<ref>Stephen Braidwood, ''Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London's Blacks and the Foundation of the Sierra Leone Settlement 1786 – 1791'', Liverpool University Press, 1994.</ref>

On 14 February ''[[The Morning Herald]]'' remarked:

((quote|The example of the [[Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|Duchess of Devonshire]], in contributing to the relief of the poor Blacks, has had a salutary effect. The [[Emily Cecil, Marchioness of Salisbury|Countess of Salisbury]], the [[Thomas_Bladen#Family|Countess of Essex]], [[George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham#Personal life|Marchioness of Buckingham]] and a variety of other titled characters are also on the charitable list.))

When the appeal was closed on 18 April, a total of £890 1s had been raised. Donors included many bishops and clergy, including [[Herbert Mayo]] and [[William Pitt (the younger)|William Pitt]]. Aside from general benevolence, this cause attracted particular sympathy because so many were [[Black Loyalist]]s who had served in the British Armed Forces and been resettled in London after the British defeat in the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]]. The largest donation was collected from among the [[Quakers]] by Samuel Hoare.

The Committee soon organised two venues for regular distribution of [[alms]]: the White Raven tavern in [[Mile End]] and the [[Yorkshire Stingo]], in Lisson Grove, [[Marylebone]]. These venues were open for several hours a day providing [[outdoor relief]]. There was also a sick house set up in [[Warren Street]], where 40-50 men needing medical attention were provided for with [[indoor relief]]. Some of the recipients of aid were found jobs, particularly as seamen. In providing clothes so that men could get work as sailors, some of the committee members were simply applying the same charitable methods they had used in organisations such as the [[Marine Society]]. But, the shortage of work at sea meant that unemployment remained a problem. Surplus labour was drifting in from the countryside, and many English people also took up begging in London. Lacking the resources to set up any new industry, the Committee took heed of such individuals as Richard Weaver who was "willing and desirous to go to [[City of Halifax|Halifax]] and other Parts of [[Nova Scotia]] where there is a fairer Prospect of Employment" (see [[Black Nova Scotians]]). Soon the charity focused its goals on giving "a temporary relief to the objects of the Charity, and in future to provide them with clothes and a settlement abroad" . . . "to such places as may put them in a condition of getting their bread in freedom and comfort".<ref>((Cite book|last=Braidwood, Stephen J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872394133|title=Black poor and white philanthropists : London's Blacks and the foundation of the Sierra Leone settlement, 1786-1791|date=1994|publisher=Published for the Department of History, University of Liverpool [by] Liverpool University Press|others=UPSO eCollections (University Press Scholarship Online).|isbn=978-1-84631-729-3|location=Liverpool|pages=71|oclc=872394133))</ref>

==Migration to Sierra Leone==
The committee also was instrumental in the transfer of Black Poor to [[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate|the newly-established colony of Sierra Leone]]. Many in London thought that moving them to Sierra Leone would lift them out of poverty.<ref>[[Peter Fryer]] in ''[[Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain]]'' (London: [[Pluto Press]], 1984; p. 195) quotes a contemporary commentator who called them "indigent, unemployed, despised and forlorn", saying that "it was necessary they should be sent somewhere, and be no longer suffered to invest [''sic''] the streets of London" (C. B. Wadström, ''An Essay on Colonization'', 1794–5, II, 220).</ref> The Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme was proposed by entomologist [[Henry Smeathman]] and drew interest from humanitarians like [[Granville Sharp]] saw it as a means of showing the pro-slavery lobby that black people could contribute towards the running of the new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon became involved in the scheme as well, although their interest was spurred by the possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere.<ref>((Cite news|date=2005-08-31|title=Freed slaves in Sierra Leone|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/31/race.bookextracts|access-date=2020-09-20|issn=0261-3077))</ref> William Pitt the Younger, prime minister and leader of the Tory party, had an active interest in the Scheme, because he saw it as a means to repatriate the Black Poor to Africa, since "it was necessary they should be sent somewhere, and be no longer suffered to infest the streets of London".<ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", ''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), p. 35.</ref> 

By the end of October 1786, transport ships were commissioned and docked at [[Deptford]]. The applicants for the settlement were to sign an agreement, agreeing to the condition that they would retain the status of British subjects, and were to be defended by the [[British Armed Forces]]. They were then given a document granting the citizenship of Sierra Leone.((cn|date=March 2022))

However, even though the Committee signed up about 700 members of the Black Poor, only 441 boarded the three ships that set sail from London to Portsmouth.<ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", ''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), pp. 25, 44.</ref> The authorities, with the support of the Committee, sought to force beggars from the streets of London to join the program, in order to make up for the hundreds who refrained from boarding. Many black Londoners were no longer interested in the scheme, and the coercion employed by the committee and the government to recruit them only reinforced their opposition. Equiano, who was originally involved in the scheme, became one of its most vocal critics. Another prominent black Londoner, [[Ottobah Cugoano]], also criticised the scheme. [[Lord George Gordon]], who had a lot of influence with the Black Poor of London, also advised many of them not to go.<ref>Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished Master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. 26-33.</ref><ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", ''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), pp. 38-43.</ref>

In January 1787, ''Atlantic'' and ((ship||Belisarius|1781 ship|2)) set sail for Sierra Leone, but bad weather forced them to divert to Plymouth, during which time about 50 passengers died. Another 24 were discharged, and 23 ran away. Eventually, with some more recruitment, 411 passengers sailed to Sierra Leone in April 1787. On the voyage between Plymouth and Sierra Leone, 96 passengers died en route.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/exodus/company.htm |title=The Sierra Leone Company |access-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928222047/http://blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/exodus/company.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown ))</ref><ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/gustavusvassa |title="Gustavus Vassa: Olaudah Equiano". Plymouth City Council website. |access-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013064927/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/gustavusvassa |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sierraleone.htm|title=Economic History of Sierra Leone|access-date=10 October 2016))</ref><ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", ''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), p. 44.</ref>

==The first settlement in Sierra Leone==
The ones that managed to survive the voyage arrived on the shore of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, and established a town they called Granville Town. When the ships left them in September, their numbers had been reduced to “to 276 persons, namely 212 black men, 30 black women, 5 white men and 29 white women.”<ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", ''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), p. 44.</ref> 

The settlers that remained forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliated, attacking the settlement, which was reduced to a mere 64 settlers  comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, and six white women. Black settlers were captured by unscrupulous traders and sold as slaves, and the remaining colonists were forced to arm themselves for their own protection.<ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", ''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), p. 45.</ref> 

Eventually, the organisers of the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme turned to Nova Scotia, and recruited Black Pioneers there to repopulate the colony. [[John Clarkson (abolitionist)|John Clarkson]], who led that new settlement drive, initially banned the survivors of Granville Town from joining the new settlement, blaming them for the demise of Granville Town.<ref>Michael Siva, "Why did the Black Poor of London not support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?", ''History Matters Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 2021), p. 46.</ref> 

In 1792, in a move that pre-figured the women's suffrage movements in Britain, the heads of all households, of which a third were women, were given the right to vote.<ref>Simon Schama (2006), ''Rough Crossings'', p. 363.</ref>

==Aftermath==
Today the descendants of the Black Poor form part of the [[Sierra Leone Creole people]].<ref>[http://blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/exodus/company.htm "The Sierra Leone Company"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928222047/http://blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/exodus/company.htm |date=28 September 2007 )), Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People.</ref>

==References==
((reflist|30em))

==Further reading==
* ((cite book |title=Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London's Blacks and the Foundation of the Sierra Leone Settlement 1786 - 1791|last=Braidwood|first=Stephen|year=1994 |publisher=Liverpool University Press|location=Liverpool |isbn=0-85323-377-2 ))
* [[Simon Schama]], ''[[Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution]]'', [[BBC Books]], 2005 (((ISBN|0-563-48709-7)))
*Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished Masters dissertation (London: Open University, 2013).

==External links==
* [http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Relief_of_Poor_Blacks_and_their_emigration_to_Sierra_Leone "Committee for the Relief of Poor Blacks and their emigration to Sierra Leone"], Your Archives, National Archives, UK 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=q_dAY-X5e8gC&pg=PA9&dq=bOOk+of+negroes+archive&sig=oUgjpz3SlNQ4XjbqEVwM2CHOKC8 Cassandra Pybus, ''Black Founders: The Unknown Story of Australia's First Black Settlers''], UNSW Press, 2006.


((Poor Law))
((Black Loyalists))
((Black British topics))

[[Category:African diaspora history]]
[[Category:Sierra Leone Creole organisations]]
[[Category:Black British history]]
[[Category:British Indian history]]
[[Category:Poverty in England]]
[[Category:1786 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Sierra Leone–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:British West Africa]]
[[Category:Philanthropic organisations based in England]]

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