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((Short description|Overview of communism in the Korean peninsula))
((more citations needed|date=October 2020))
((Communism sidebar|expanded=By region))
The '''Communist movement in Korea''' emerged as a political movement in the early 20th century. Although the movement had a minor role in pre-war politics, the [[Division of Korea|division]] between the communist [[North Korea]] and the anti-communist [[South Korea]] came to dominate Korean political life in the post-[[World War II]] era. North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, continues to be a [[Juche]]ist state under the rule of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]].<ref name="naenara">((Cite web |title=DPRK Socialist Constitution |url=http://www.naenara.com.kp/index.php/Main/index/en/politics?arg_val=constitution |website=www.naenara.com.kp))</ref> In South Korea, the [[National Security Act (South Korea)|National Security Law]] has been used to criminalize advocacy of communism and groups suspected of alignment with North Korea.<ref>[http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=10774 Reporters sans frontières - Internet - South Korea<!-- Bot generated title -->] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623074124/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=10774 |date=2008-06-23 ))</ref><ref>[http://opennet.net/research/profiles/south-korea South Korea | OpenNet Initiative<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Due to the end of economic aid from the [[Soviet Union]] after [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|its dissolution]] in 1991, due to the impractical ideological application of [[Stalinism#Economic policy|Stalinist policies]] in North Korea over years of [[Economic stagnation|economic slowdown]] in the 1980s<ref>((cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Byung-Yeon|last2=Kim|first2=Suk Jin|last3=Lee|first3=Keun|title=Assessing the economic performance of North Korea, 1954–1989: Estimates and growth accounting analysis|journal=Journal of Comparative Economics|volume=35|issue=3|year=2007|pages=564–582|issn=0147-5967|doi=10.1016/j.jce.2007.04.001|url=http://www.nkeconwatch.com/nk-uploads/dprk-economic-performance.pdf))</ref> and [[North Korean famine|receding]] during the 1990s,<ref>((cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Nels|last2=Chanlett-Avery|first2=Emma |title=North Korea: Economic Leverage and Policy Analysis|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32493.pdf|date=22 January 2010|publisher=Congressional Research Service|isbn=978-1030585705))</ref> North Korea continues to nominally uphold Communism, but has replaced [[Marxism-Leninism]] with the [[Juche|Juche idea]]. References to Communism were removed in the North Korean 1992 and 1998 constitutional revisions<ref>((cite journal|last=Zook|first=Daren C.|title=Reforming North Korea: Law, Politics, and the Market Economy|journal=Stanford Journal of International Law|volume=48|number=1|year=2012|pages=131–183|url=http://polisci.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/people/u3873/Zook_NorthKorea_reform_SJIL.pdf|issn=0731-5082))</ref> to make way for the [[North Korean cult of personality|personality cult]] of [[Kim dynasty (North Korea)|Kim's family dictatorship]] and the (admittedly reluctant) [[North Korean economic reform|North Korean market economy reform]]. The [[Workers' Party of Korea]] under the leadership of [[Kim Jong Un]] later reconfirmed commitment to the establishment of a communist society, but orthodox Marxism has since been largely tabled in favor of "Socialism in our style". Officially, the DPRK still retains a [[command economy]] with complete state control of industry and agriculture. North Korea maintains collectivized farms and state-funded education and healthcare.

==History==

===Early Korean communism===
[[Alexandra Kim]], a Korean who lived in [[Russia]], is sometimes credited as the first Korean communist. She had joined the [[Bolsheviks]] in 1916.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.koryosaram.freenet.kz/biblio/foreign-sources.doc |script-title=ru:Ким Герман Николаевич, доктор исторических наук Библиография о коре сарам: зарубежная литература|language=ru|work=koryosaram.freenet.kz|format=DOC|access-date=2007-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707192553/http://www.koryosaram.freenet.kz/biblio/foreign-sources.doc |archive-date=2007-07-07 ))</ref> In 1917, [[Vladimir Lenin]] sent her to Siberia to mobilize Koreans there against the counter-revolutionary forces and the Allied Expeditionary Forces. In [[Khabarovsk]] Kim was in charge of external affairs at the Far-Eastern Department of the Party. There she met with Yi Dong-Wi, Kim Rip and other Korean independence fighters. Together they founded the Korean People's Socialist Party, the first Korean communist party on June 28, 1918.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/1632.html |title=Association for Asia Research- Who were the Soviet Koreans?<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409034111/http://asianresearch.org/articles/1632.html |archive-date=2007-04-09 |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref name="kimsoft">[http://www.kimsoft.com/war/r-13-4.htm 13.4. The Women's Brigade<!-- Bot generated title -->] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212210828/http://www.kimsoft.com/war/r-13-4.htm |date=2007-02-12 ))</ref><ref>((cite thesis|last=Hübinette|first=Tobias|type=Doctoral thesis|title=Comforting an orphaned nation: Representations of international adoption and adopted Koreans in Korean popular culture|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Asu%3Adiva-696|year=2005|publisher=Institutionen för orientaliska språk|location=Stockholm|isbn=91-7155-157-3))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Communist Party of Korea Established in 1925 |last=Lankov |first=Andrei |work=The Korea Times |date=April 2011 |access-date=9 October 2019 |url= https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/04/117_64006.html ))</ref>

===Founding of the Communist Party of Korea===
The [[Communist Party of Korea]] was founded during a secret meeting in Seoul in 1925.<ref name="demise">((cite journal|last1=Lankov|first1=Andrei N.|title=The Demise of Non-Communist Parties in North Korea (1945–1960)|journal=Journal of Cold War Studies|volume=3|issue=1|year=2001|pages=103–125|issn=1520-3972|doi=10.1162/15203970151032164|s2cid=57570755 ))</ref> The leaders of the party were Kim Yong-bom and [[Pak Hon-yong]]. The party became the Korean section of the [[Communist International]] at the 6th congress of the International in August–September 1928. But after only a few months as the Korean Comintern section, the perpetual feuds between rival factions that had plagued the party from its foundation led the Comintern to disband the Communist Party of Korea in December the same year.<ref name="demise"/><ref>((cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Chong-Sik|title=Kim Il-Song of North Korea|journal=Asian Survey|volume=7|issue=6|year=1967|pages=374–382|issn=0004-4687|doi=10.2307/2642612|jstor=2642612 ))</ref> However, the party continued to exist through various party cells. Some Korean communists went into exile in [[China]], where they participated in the early years of [[Chinese Communist Party]]. In the early 1930s Korean and Chinese communists began guerrilla activity against the Japanese forces.

===End of the Second World War===
After the liberation in 1945, the situation for the Korean communists changed considerably. In the South, the Communist Party leader Pak Hon-yong, who had been a resistance fighter, became active in [[Seoul]] upon his release in 1945. He reorganized a [[Central Committee]], of which he became the Secretary. Being based in Seoul, his group had limited contact with the Soviets in the north.

The Soviet [[Red Army]] liberated northern Korea in August 1945. At the time, there were very few Communist [[Professional revolutionaries|cadres]] in the North. The Soviets began to rely largely on exiled Communists who returned to Korea at the end of World War II as well as ethnic Koreans who were part of the large [[Koryo-saram|Korean community in the USSR]]. Kim Il Sung became a prominent figure of the party in the northern areas. After his years as a guerrilla leader, Kim Il Sung had moved to the Soviet Union and had become a captain in the [[Red Army]]. His battalion arrived in [[Pyongyang]] just as the Soviets were looking for a suitable person who could assume a leading role in North Korea.

On October 13, 1945, the [[North Korea Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea]] was established. Though technically under the control of the Seoul-based party leadership, the North Korean Bureau had little contact with Seoul and worked closely with the ''Soviet Civilian Authority''. The first chairman of the Bureau was Kim Yong-bom, who had been sent to Korea by the [[Comintern]] in the 1930s to conduct underground activity. Kim Il Sung was a member of the Bureau at its founding and replaced Kim Yong-bom as chairman in December 1945. Official North Korean historians later disputed this, claiming that Kim Il Sung had become its chairman from the onset of the Bureau. Moreover, official North Korean sources claim that the meeting was held on October 10. October 10 is regarded as the 'Party Foundation Day' in North Korea, on which Kim Il Sung formed the first genuine communist party in the country. Official North Korean historians tend to seek to downplay the role of early communist leaders like Pak Hon-yong. Official North Korean sources claim that the name of the Bureau was changed to 'Organizational Committee of the Communist Party of North Korea' (often simply referred to as the '[[Communist Party of North Korea]]').

On July 22, 1946, the North Korea Bureau joined with the [[New People's Party (Korea)|New People's Party]], the [[Korean Social Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] and the [[Chondoist Chongu Party]] (supporters of an influential religious movement) to form the [[Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland|North Korean Fatherland United Democratic Front]].

===Formations of separate Workers parties===
On July 29, 1946, the New People's Party and the North Korea Bureau held a joint [[Plenary session|plenum]] of the [[Central Committee]]s of both parties and agreed to merge into a single entity. A founding conference of the [[Workers Party of North Korea]] was held on August 28–30. [[Kim Tu-bong]], the leader of the New People's Party, was elected chairman of the party. Vice Chairmen of the party were Chu Nyong-ha and [[Kim Il Sung]].<ref name="quarter">((cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Chong-Sik|title=Politics in North Korea: Pre-Korean War Stage|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=14|year=2009|pages=3–16|issn=0305-7410|doi=10.1017/S0305741000020981|s2cid=154806824 ))</ref> At the time of establishment, the party is believed to have had about 366 000 members organized in around 12,000 party cells.<ref name = "quarter" /><ref name="kbs">((cite web|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/event/nkorea_nuclear/general_03c.htm |website=KBS World Radio|title=General NK Topics: NK Politics/Regime|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824143105/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/event/nkorea_nuclear/general_03c.htm|archive-date=2007-08-24))<br />These figures appears to be taken from official North Korean sources. [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authors A. Gitovich and B. Bursov claimed that the party had around 160,000 members in 1946.</ref>

The North Korea Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea and the New People's Party then merged into one party. The New People's Party had a significant following of intellectuals whereas the Communist Party was mainly based amongst workers and peasants. Moreover, the Korean communists had been riddled by internal differences, and different communist fractions were present in the new unified party. At the time of the founding of the new party discussions emerged on the role of [[Marxism–Leninism]] as the ideological foundation of the party. At the inaugural congress of the party, Kim Il Sung stated that "...the Workers Party is a combat unit and the vanguard of the working masses. We must fight with our utmost to maintain the Party's purity, unity, and iron discipline. If we were to fight against the enemy without meeting these conditions within our ranks, it would be nothing less than folly.", arguing in favor of maintaining a Marxist–Leninist orientation.<ref name="quarter"/>

The remainder of the Communist Party of Korea, still functioning in the southern areas, worked under the name of Communist Party of South Korea. The party merged with the New People's Party of South Korea and the fraction of the [[People's Party of Korea]] (the so-called forty-eighters), founding the [[Workers Party of South Korea]] on November 23, 1946.

The Workers Party of South Korea was outlawed in the South, but the party organized a network of clandestine cells and was able to obtain a considerable following. It had around 360 000 party members.<ref name="quarter"/> The clandestine [[trade union]] movement, the All Korea Labor Union was connected to the party. In 1947 the party initiated armed [[guerrilla]] struggle. As the persecution of party intensified, large sections of the party leadership moved to [[Pyongyang]]. The party was opposed to the formation of a South Korean state. In February–March 1948 it instigated [[general strike]]s in opposition to the plans to create a separate South Korean state.<ref>[http://www.k-state.edu/history/specialevents/Eisenhowerlecture/eisenhower7.htm Eisenhower Lecture #7: Allan R. Millett<!-- Bot generated title -->] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907195213/http://www.k-state.edu/history/specialevents/Eisenhowerlecture/eisenhower7.htm |date=2006-09-07 ))</ref> On April 3, 1948, the party led a popular uprising on [[Jeju island]], against the unilateral declaration of the foundation of the [[Republic of Korea]]. In the suppression of the revolt, thousands of islanders were killed (see [[Jeju massacre]]).<ref>[http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200604/200604030023.html Digital Chosunilbo (English Edition) : Daily News in English About Korea<!-- Bot generated title -->]((Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref>

===Factional conflict===
At the time there were four separate tendencies or factions in the Workers Party of North Korea.
*The ''Soviet Koreans'', led by [[Alexei Ivanovich Hegay]],<ref name="Hegay">((cite web|access-date=2008-01-09|language=ru|publisher=Khasansky District: History, Nature, Geography (by Kulinczenko Marseille and Larissa)|title=Hagay Aleksei Ivanovich|url=http://khasan-district.narod.ru/directory/person/hegay.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117212509/http://www.khasan-district.narod.ru/directory/person/hegay.htm|archive-date=2010-01-17|url-status=dead))</ref><ref name="Hogai">((cite web|access-date=2008-01-11 |first=Andrei Nikolaevich |last=Lankov |language=ru |publisher=The Seoul Herald (Editor: Evgeny Shtefan) >> Library |title=HO GA I: Background of Life and Work |url=http://vestnik.tripod.com/library/hogai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201040146/http://vestnik.tripod.com/library/hogai.html |archive-date=2007-12-01 ))</ref> were made up of waves of ethnic Koreans who were born or raised in Russia after their families moved there starting in the 1870s. Some of them had returned to Korea covertly as Communist operatives in the twenties and thirties but most were members of the [[Red Army]] or civilians who were stationed in North Korea following [[World War II]]. This grouping had played an important role in building up the party structure of the early Communist Party in Pyongyang directly after the Second World War.<ref>((cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Chong-Sik|title=Evolution of the Korean Workers' Party and the Rise of Kim Chŏng-il|journal=Asian Survey|volume=22|issue=5|year=1982|pages=434–448|issn=0004-4687|doi=10.2307/2643871|jstor=2643871 ))</ref>
*The ''Domestic'' fraction, were Korean Communists who never left the country but engaged in the independence army. Prominent members of this fraction were O Ki-sop, Chong Tal-hyon, Yi Chu-ha, Chu Nyong-ha (Vice Chairman of the party), Kim Yong-bom, Pak Chong-ae, Chang Shi-u and Yi Chu-yon.<ref name="quarter"/> This grouping was politically tied to the old leadership of the Communist Party of Korea based in [[Seoul]], at this point represented by the Workers Party of South Korea led by Pak Hon-yong.
*The ''Yanan'' faction, led first by Mu Chong and then by Kim Tu-bong and [[Choe Chang-ik]], were those Korean exiles who had lived in China's [[Shaanxi]] province and joined the [[Chinese Communist Party]] whose regional headquarters were at Yanan. They had formed their own party, the ''North-Chinese League for the Independence of Korea'', and when they returned to North Korea from exile they formed the New People's Party. Many members of the Yanan faction had fought in the Chinese 8th and New 4th Armies and thus had close relations with [[Mao Zedong]].
*The ''Guerrilla'' faction, led by Kim Il Sung, was made up of former Korean guerillas who had been active in [[Manchuria]]. Many in this group ended up fleeing Manchuria, as their armed resistance was suppressed, and moved to the Soviet Union where many of them, including Kim, were drafted into the [[Red Army]].

The factions were represented proportionately in the leading bodies of the WPNK. In the first [[politburo]] of the party the Soviet Korean fraction had three members, the Yanan fraction had six, the domestic fraction had two and the guerrilla fraction had two. The guerrilla faction was actually the smallest of the fractions in the [[Central Committee]] but they had the advantage of having Kim Il Sung, who led the North Korean government and was highly influential within the party. Moreover, Kim Il Sung was backed by the Soviet Union.

===Founding of the WPK===
On June 30, 1949, the [[Workers' Party of North Korea]] and the [[Workers' Party of South Korea]] merged, forming the [[Workers' Party of Korea]], at a congress in Pyongyang. Kim Il Sung became the party chairman and [[Pak Hon-yong]] and [[Alexei Ivanovich Hegay]] became vice chairmen.<ref name="Hegay" /><ref name="Hogai" /><ref>((cite web|url=http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200412/kt2004121317165154140.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408035001/http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200412/kt2004121317165154140.htm|archive-date=8 April 2005|title=[Another Korea] (110) With Friends Like These...|last=Lankov|first=Andrei|date=13 December 2004|work=The Korea Times))</ref> The other members of the first Politburo were [[Yi Sung-yop]], [[Kim Sam-yong]], [[Kim Ch aek]], [[Kim Tu-Bong]], [[Pak Il-u]], and [[Pak Chong-ae]].<ref name="The Real North Korea 2013">((cite book | title=[[The Real North Korea]] | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Lankov, Andrei | year=2013 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199964291/page/13 13 to 14] | isbn=978-0-19-996429-1 ))</ref> Most were later purged by Kim Il Sung.<ref name="The Real North Korea 2013"/>

The first five years of the WPK's rule were dominated by the [[Korean War]]. By October 1950, [[United Nations]] forces had occupied most of the DPRK and the WPK leadership had to flee to [[People's Republic of China|China]]. But, in November, North Korean and [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese forces]] entered the war and threw the U.N. forces back, retaking Pyongyang in December and Seoul in January 1951. In March, U.N. forces retook Seoul, and the front was stabilized along what eventually became the permanent "Armistice Line" of 1953. The WPK was able to re-establish its rule north of this line.

===Purges===
According to [[Andrei Lankov]], in the early years of the party Kim Il Sung was the acknowledged leader, but he did not yet have absolute power since it was necessary to balance off the interests of the various factions. To eliminate any threats to his position, he first moved against individual leaders who were potential rivals. He drove from power Alexei Ivanovich Hegay (also known as Ho Ka-ai),<ref name="The Real North Korea 2013"/> leader of the Soviet Korean faction, first demoting him during the Korean War in 1951 and then using him as a scapegoat for slow repairs of a water reservoir bombed by the Americans to drive him from power (and to an alleged suicide) in 1953.<ref name="The Real North Korea 2013"/>

Kim Il Sung also attacked the leadership of the Yanan faction. Lankov says that when the North Koreans were driven to the Chinese border, Kim Il Sung needed a scapegoat to explain the military disaster and blamed Mu Chong, a leader of the Yanan faction and also a leader of the [[North Korean military]]. Mu Chong and a number of other military leaders were expelled from the party and Mu was forced to return to China where he spent the rest of his life. Kim Il Sung also removed Pak Il-u, the Minister of the Interior<ref name="The Real North Korea 2013"/> and reputedly the personal representative of [[Mao Zedong]].

According to Lankov, as the [[Korean War]] drew to a close, Kim Il Sung first moved against the Domestic faction. With the end of the Korean War the usefulness of the Domestic faction in running guerilla and spy networks in South Korea came to an end. Former leaders of the Workers Party of South Korea were attacked at a December 1952 Central Committee meeting. In early 1953, rumours were spread that the "southerners" had been planning a coup. Lankov says that this led to the arrest and removal from power of [[Pak Hon-yong]] (who was foreign minister at the time) and Yi Sung-yop the minister of "state control" who was charged with "spying on behalf of the Republic of Korea".<ref name="The Real North Korea 2013"/>

In August 1953, following the signing of the [[armistice]] that suspended the Korean War, Yi and eleven other leaders of the domestic faction were subjected to a [[show trial]] on charges of planning a military coup and sentenced to death. In 1955, Pak Hon-yong, the former leader of the WPSK and deputy chairman of the WPK, was put on trial on charges of having been a US agent since 1939, sabotage, assassination, and planning a coup.  He was sentenced to death, although Lankov says it is unclear if he was shot immediately or if his execution occurred some time in 1956.<ref name="The Real North Korea 2013"/>

Lankov says that the trials of Yi and Pak were accompanied by the arrest of other members and activists of the former WPSK with defendants being executed or sent to forced labour in the countryside. The domestic faction was virtually wiped out, though a few individual members who had personally allied themselves to Kim Il Sung remained in positions of influence for several more years.

===Launching of ''Juche''===
[[File:Karl Marx in North Korea.jpg|thumb|right|A portrait of [[Karl Marx]] on the wall of the [[Ministry of Foreign Trade (North Korea)|Ministry of Foreign Trade]]. Communism has been phased out in North Korean politics and replaced with ''Juche''.]]
Kim Il Sung advanced ''[[Juche]]'' as a slogan in a December 28, 1955, speech titled "[[On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work|On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing ''Juche'' in Ideological Work]]". The ''Juche'' Idea itself gradually emerged as a systematic ideological doctrine under the political pressures of the [[Sino-Soviet split]] in the 1960s. The word "Juche" also began to appear in untranslated form in English-language North Korean works from around 1965. Kim Il Sung outlined the three fundamental principles of ''Juche'' in his April 14, 1965, speech "On Socialist Construction in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the South Korean Revolution". The principles are "independence in politics" (((Transliteration|ko|chaju))), "self-sustenance in the economy" (((Transliteration|ko|charip))) and "self-defense in national defense" (''chawi'').

WPK ideologists and speech writers began to openly use Maoist ideas, such as the concept of self-regeneration, in the 1950s and 1960s. Maoist theories of art also began to influence North Korean musical theater during this time. These developments occurred with the backdrop of the [[Sino-Soviet split]].

In official North Korean histories, one of the first purported applications of ''Juche'' was the Five-Year Plan of 1956–1961, also known as the [[Chollima Movement]], which led to the ((ill|Chongsan-ri Method|ja|青山里方式)) and the ((ill|Taean Work System|ja|大安の事業体系)). The Five-Year Plan involved rapid economic development of North Korea, with a focus on [[heavy industry]]. The Chollima Movement, however, applied the same method of centralized state planning that began with the Soviet [[first five-year plan]] in 1928.

In 1972, ''Juche'' replaced [[Marxism–Leninism]] in the revised North Korean constitution as the official state ideology, this being a response to the [[Sino-Soviet split]]. ''Juche'' was nonetheless defined as a creative application of Marxism–Leninism. Kim Il Sung also explained that ''Juche'' was not original to North Korea and that in formulating it he only laid stress on a programmatic orientation that is inherent to all Marxist–Leninist states.

Former North Korean leader [[Kim Jong Il]] officially authored the definitive statement on ''Juche'' in a 1982 document titled [[On the Juche Idea|''On the ''Juche'' Idea'']]. After the 1991 [[collapse of the Soviet Union]], North Korea's greatest economic benefactor, all reference to Marxism–Leninism was dropped in the revised 1992 constitution.<ref name=in19921998 /> Kim Jong Il incorporated the [[Songun]] (army-first) policy into ''Juche'' in 1996. The communist-style central leadership structure would be removed from the North Korean government in the revised 1998 constitution, which abolished both the office of President and the Central People's Committee and transferred their powers to the [[Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly]] and the [[Cabinet of North Korea|Cabinet]].<ref name=in19921998 /> In contrast to the previous authority of the ruling [[Workers' Party of Korea]] (WPK) leadership, the 1998 constitutional amendment also redirected supreme state power leadership to those who lead the [[North Korean military]];<ref name=in19921998>((cite journal|author-last=Yoon |author-first=Dae-kyu |date=2003 |title=The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications |url=https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com.ph/&httpsredir=1&article=1934&context=ilj&sei-redir=1 |journal=Fordham International Law Journal |volume=27))</ref> despite redirecting supreme leadership to the North Korean military, the language of the 1998 amendment did not call for  the WPK to be abolished.<ref name=in19921998 />

In 2009, all references to [[communism]] were removed from the [[North Korean Constitution]].<ref>[http://leonidpetrov.wordpress.com/2009/10/12/dprk-has-quietly-amended-its-constitution/ DPRK has quietly amended its Constitution | Leonid Petrov's KOREA VISION] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421015549/http://leonidpetrov.wordpress.com/2009/10/12/dprk-has-quietly-amended-its-constitution/ |date=2013-04-21 )). Leonidpetrov.wordpress.com (2009-10-12). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> However, in January 2021, the WPK reasserted its commitment to communism.<ref name=":4">((Cite web |last=권영전 |date=2021-06-01 |title=[표] 북한 노동당 규약 주요 개정 내용 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210601170100504 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Yonhap News Agency |language=ko))</ref>

==See also==
((Portal|Korea|Communism))
*[[Anarchism in Korea]]
*[[Kim Il Sung]]
((Clear))

==References==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
((refbegin))
*((cite book|editor-last1=Chung|editor-first1=Chong-Shik|editor-last2=Kim|editor-first2=Gahb-chol|title=North Korean Communism: A Comparative Analysis|year=1980|publisher=Research Center for Peace and Unification|location=Seoul|oclc=923146487))
*((cite book|author=Dae-Sook Suh|title=The Korean Communist Movement, 1918–1948|year=1967|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|oclc=503969060))
*((cite book|author=Dae-Sook Suh|author-mask=1|title=Documents of Korean Communism, 1918–1948|year=1970|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0-691-08723-8))
*((cite book|author=Dae-Sook Suh|author-mask=1|title=Korean Communism, 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political System|year=1981|location=Honolulu|publisher=The University Press of Hawaii|isbn=978-0-8248-0740-5))
*((cite book|last1=Scalapino|first1=Robert A.|author2=Chong-Sik Lee|title=Communism in Korea: The Movement|volume=1|year=1972|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-89-337-0001-3))
*((cite book|last1=Scalapino|first1=Robert A.|author2=Chong-Sik Lee|title=Communism in Korea: The Society|volume=2|year=1972|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-02274-4|author-mask1=1|author-mask2=1))
((refend))

((Asia topic|Communism in))

[[Category:Communism in Korea| ]]

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