In probability theory, a compound Poisson distribution is the probability distribution of the sum of a number of independent identically-distributed random variables, where the number of terms to be added is itself a Poisson-distributed variable. The result can be either a continuous or a discrete distribution.

Definition

Suppose that

${\displaystyle N\sim \operatorname {Poisson} (\lambda ),}$

i.e., N is a random variable whose distribution is a Poisson distribution with expected value λ, and that

${\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},X_{3},\dots }$

are identically distributed random variables that are mutually independent and also independent of N. Then the probability distribution of the sum of ${\displaystyle N}$ i.i.d. random variables

${\displaystyle Y=\sum _{n=1}^{N}X_{n))$

is a compound Poisson distribution.

In the case N = 0, then this is a sum of 0 terms, so the value of Y is 0. Hence the conditional distribution of Y given that N = 0 is a degenerate distribution.

The compound Poisson distribution is obtained by marginalising the joint distribution of (Y,N) over N, and this joint distribution can be obtained by combining the conditional distribution Y | N with the marginal distribution of N.

Properties

The expected value and the variance of the compound distribution can be derived in a simple way from law of total expectation and the law of total variance. Thus

${\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (Y)=\operatorname {E} \left[\operatorname {E} (Y\mid N)\right]=\operatorname {E} \left[N\operatorname {E} (X)\right]=\operatorname {E} (N)\operatorname {E} (X),}$

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {Var} (Y)&=\operatorname {E} \left[\operatorname {Var} (Y\mid N)\right]+\operatorname {Var} \left[\operatorname {E} (Y\mid N)\right]=\operatorname {E} \left[N\operatorname {Var} (X)\right]+\operatorname {Var} \left[N\operatorname {E} (X)\right],\\[6pt]&=\operatorname {E} (N)\operatorname {Var} (X)+\left(\operatorname {E} (X)\right)^{2}\operatorname {Var} (N).\end{aligned))}$

Then, since E(N) = Var(N) if N is Poisson-distributed, these formulae can be reduced to

${\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (Y)=\operatorname {E} (N)\operatorname {E} (X),}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} (Y)=\operatorname {E} (N)(\operatorname {Var} (X)+(\operatorname {E} (X))^{2})=\operatorname {E} (N){\operatorname {E} (X^{2})}.}$

The probability distribution of Y can be determined in terms of characteristic functions:

${\displaystyle \varphi _{Y}(t)=\operatorname {E} (e^{itY})=\operatorname {E} \left(\left(\operatorname {E} (e^{itX}\mid N)\right)^{N}\right)=\operatorname {E} \left((\varphi _{X}(t))^{N}\right),\,}$

and hence, using the probability-generating function of the Poisson distribution, we have

${\displaystyle \varphi _{Y}(t)={\textrm {e))^{\lambda (\varphi _{X}(t)-1)}.\,}$

An alternative approach is via cumulant generating functions:

${\displaystyle K_{Y}(t)=\ln \operatorname {E} [e^{tY}]=\ln \operatorname {E} [\operatorname {E} [e^{tY}\mid N]]=\ln \operatorname {E} [e^{NK_{X}(t)}]=K_{N}(K_{X}(t)).\,}$

Via the law of total cumulance it can be shown that, if the mean of the Poisson distribution λ = 1, the cumulants of Y are the same as the moments of X₁.^{[citation needed]}

It can be shown that every infinitely divisible probability distribution is a limit of compound Poisson distributions.^[1] And compound Poisson distributions is infinitely divisible by the definition.

Discrete compound Poisson distribution

When ${\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},X_{3},\dots }$ are positive integer-valued i.i.d random variables with ${\displaystyle P(X_{1}=k)=\alpha _{k},\ (k=1,2,\ldots )}$, then this compound Poisson distribution is named discrete compound Poisson distribution^[2][3][4] (or stuttering-Poisson distribution^[5]) . We say that the discrete random variable ${\displaystyle Y}$ satisfying probability generating function characterization

${\displaystyle P_{Y}(z)=\sum \limits _{i=0}^{\infty }P(Y=i)z^{i}=\exp \left(\sum \limits _{k=1}^{\infty }\alpha _{k}\lambda (z^{k}-1)\right),\quad (|z|\leq 1)}$

has a discrete compound Poisson(DCP) distribution with parameters ${\displaystyle (\alpha _{1}\lambda ,\alpha _{2}\lambda ,\ldots )\in \mathbb {R} ^{\infty ))$ (where ${\textstyle \sum _{i=1}^{\infty }\alpha _{i}=1}$, with ${\textstyle \alpha _{i}\geq 0,\lambda >0}$), which is denoted by

${\displaystyle X\sim {\text{DCP))(\lambda {\alpha _{1)),\lambda {\alpha _{2)),\ldots )}$

Moreover, if ${\displaystyle X\sim {\operatorname {DCP} }(\lambda {\alpha _{1)),\ldots ,\lambda {\alpha _{r)))}$, we say ${\displaystyle X}$ has a discrete compound Poisson distribution of order ${\displaystyle r}$ . When ${\displaystyle r=1,2}$, DCP becomes Poisson distribution and Hermite distribution, respectively. When ${\displaystyle r=3,4}$, DCP becomes triple stuttering-Poisson distribution and quadruple stuttering-Poisson distribution, respectively.^[6] Other special cases include: shift geometric distribution, negative binomial distribution, Geometric Poisson distribution, Neyman type A distribution, Luria–Delbrück distribution in Luria–Delbrück experiment. For more special case of DCP, see the reviews paper^[7] and references therein.

Feller's characterization of the compound Poisson distribution states that a non-negative integer valued r.v. ${\displaystyle X}$ is infinitely divisible if and only if its distribution is a discrete compound Poisson distribution.^[8] It can be shown that the negative binomial distribution is discrete infinitely divisible, i.e., if X has a negative binomial distribution, then for any positive integer n, there exist discrete i.i.d. random variables X₁, ..., X_n whose sum has the same distribution that X has. The shift geometric distribution is discrete compound Poisson distribution since it is a trivial case of negative binomial distribution.

This distribution can model batch arrivals (such as in a bulk queue^[5][9]). The discrete compound Poisson distribution is also widely used in actuarial science for modelling the distribution of the total claim amount.^[3]

When some ${\displaystyle \alpha _{k))$ are negative, it is the discrete pseudo compound Poisson distribution.^[3] We define that any discrete random variable ${\displaystyle Y}$ satisfying probability generating function characterization

${\displaystyle G_{Y}(z)=\sum \limits _{i=0}^{\infty }P(Y=i)z^{i}=\exp \left(\sum \limits _{k=1}^{\infty }\alpha _{k}\lambda (z^{k}-1)\right),\quad (|z|\leq 1)}$

has a discrete pseudo compound Poisson distribution with parameters ${\displaystyle (\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\ldots )=:(\alpha _{1}\lambda ,\alpha _{2}\lambda ,\ldots )\in \mathbb {R} ^{\infty ))$ where ${\textstyle \sum _{i=1}^{\infty }{\alpha _{i))=1}$ and ${\textstyle \sum _{i=1}^{\infty }{\left|{\alpha _{i))\right|}<\infty }$, with ${\displaystyle {\alpha _{i))\in \mathbb {R} ,\lambda >0}$.

Compound Poisson Gamma distribution

If X has a gamma distribution, of which the exponential distribution is a special case, then the conditional distribution of Y | N is again a gamma distribution. The marginal distribution of Y can be shown to be a Tweedie distribution^[10] with variance power 1 < p < 2 (proof via comparison of characteristic function (probability theory)). To be more explicit, if

${\displaystyle N\sim \operatorname {Poisson} (\lambda ),}$

and

${\displaystyle X_{i}\sim \operatorname {\Gamma } (\alpha ,\beta )}$

i.i.d., then the distribution of

${\displaystyle Y=\sum _{i=1}^{N}X_{i))$

is a reproductive exponential dispersion model ${\displaystyle ED(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}$ with

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {E} [Y]&=\lambda {\frac {\alpha }{\beta ))=:\mu ,\\[4pt]\operatorname {Var} [Y]&=\lambda {\frac {\alpha (1+\alpha )}{\beta ^{2))}=:\sigma ^{2}\mu ^{p}.\end{aligned))}$

The mapping of parameters Tweedie parameter ${\displaystyle \mu ,\sigma ^{2},p}$ to the Poisson and Gamma parameters ${\displaystyle \lambda ,\alpha ,\beta }$ is the following:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lambda &={\frac {\mu ^{2-p)){(2-p)\sigma ^{2))},\\[4pt]\alpha &={\frac {2-p}{p-1)),\\[4pt]\beta &={\frac {\mu ^{1-p)){(p-1)\sigma ^{2))}.\end{aligned))}$

Compound Poisson processes

A compound Poisson process with rate ${\displaystyle \lambda >0}$ and jump size distribution G is a continuous-time stochastic process ${\displaystyle \{\,Y(t):t\geq 0\,\))$ given by

${\displaystyle Y(t)=\sum _{i=1}^{N(t)}D_{i},}$

where the sum is by convention equal to zero as long as N(t) = 0. Here, ${\displaystyle \{\,N(t):t\geq 0\,\))$ is a Poisson process with rate ${\displaystyle \lambda }$, and ${\displaystyle \{\,D_{i}:i\geq 1\,\))$ are independent and identically distributed random variables, with distribution function G, which are also independent of ${\displaystyle \{\,N(t):t\geq 0\,\}.\,}$^[11]

For the discrete version of compound Poisson process, it can be used in survival analysis for the frailty models.^[12]

Applications

A compound Poisson distribution, in which the summands have an exponential distribution, was used by Revfeim to model the distribution of the total rainfall in a day, where each day contains a Poisson-distributed number of events each of which provides an amount of rainfall which has an exponential distribution.^[13] Thompson applied the same model to monthly total rainfalls.^[14]

There have been applications to insurance claims^[15][16] and x-ray computed tomography.^[17][18][19]