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((Short description|Branch of physics))
((More citations needed|date=May 2009))

'''Computational particle physics''' refers to the methods and computing tools developed in and used by  [[particle physics]] research. Like [[computational chemistry]] or [[computational biology]], it is, for [[particle physics]] both a specific branch and an interdisciplinary field relying on computer science, theoretical and experimental particle physics and mathematics.
The main fields of computational particle physics are: [[lattice field theory]] (numerical computations), [[automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay]] (computer algebra) and [[event generator]]s (stochastic methods).<ref name = north1>https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1211 ''Computational Particle Physics for Event Generators and Data Analysis'' retrieved 8/24/20</ref><ref name = north2>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234060239_Computational_Particle_Physics_for_Event_Generators_and_Data_Analysis  ''Computational Particle Physics for Event Generators and Data Analysis'' retrieved 8/24/20</ref><ref name = north3>https://www2.ccs.tsukuba.ac.jp/projects/ILFTNet/ ''International research network for computational particle physics'' retrieved 8/24/20</ref>

==Computing tools==
* [[Computer algebra]]: Many of the computer algebra languages were developed initially to help particle physics calculations: [[Reduce (computer algebra system)|Reduce]], [[Mathematica]], [[Schoonschip]], [[Form (computer algebra system)|Form]], [[GiNaC]].<ref>''Stefan Weinzierl:- [http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/582375/files/0209234.ps.gz "Computer Algebra in Particle Physics."]  pgs 5-7. Accessed 1 January 2012; (alternative link) : "Computer Algebra in Particle Physics."  ((arXiv|hep-ph/0209234)). Accessed 1 January 2012. "Seminario Nazionale di Fisica Teorica", Parma, September 2002.''</ref>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160831054519/http://eu-datagrid.web.cern.ch/eu-datagrid/ Data Grid]: The largest planned use of the [[Grid computing|grid systems]] will be for the analysis of the [[LHC]] - produced data. Large software packages have been developed to support this application like the [[LHC Computing Grid|LHC Computing Grid (LCG)]] . A similar effort in the wider [[e-Science]] community is the [[GridPP]] collaboration, a consortium of particle physicists from UK institutions and CERN.<ref>''[http://www.gridpp.ac.uk/ GridPP website] '' : accessed 19 June 2012.</ref>
* [[Data analysis#Nuclear and particle physics|Data Analysis Tools]]:  These tools are motivated by the fact that particle physics experiments and simulations often create large datasets, e.g. see references.<ref>'' Dirk Duellmann, ''  [http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/features/availability/s291499-2-duellmann-134596.pdf/ "Oracle Streams for the Large Hadron Collider"] '', page 3. Accessed 1 January 2011.''</ref><ref>'' M Liu, W Kuehn et al., '' [https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~wl/teachlocal/cuscomp/papers/fpt07ml.pdf "Hardware/Software Co-design of a General-Purpose Computation Platform in Particle Physics"] '', page 1. Accessed 20 February 2012.''</ref><ref>
''David Rousseau, "The Software behind the Higgs Boson Discovery," IEEE Software, pp. 11-15, Sept.-Oct., 2012''
</ref>
* Software Libraries: Many [[software libraries]] are used for particle physics computations. Also important are packages that simulate particle physics interactions using [[Monte Carlo simulation]] techniques (i.e. event generators).

==History==

Particle physics played a role in the early history of the internet; the [[World-Wide Web]] was created by [[Tim Berners-Lee]] when working at CERN in 1991.

=== Computer Algebra ===
Note: This section contains an excerpt from 'Computer Algebra in Particle Physics' by Stefan Weinzierl

Particle physics is an important field of application for computer algebra and exploits the capabilities of Computer Algebra Systems (CAS). This leads to valuable feed-back for the development of CAS. Looking at the history of [[computer algebra systems]], the first programs date back to the 1960s.<ref>''Stefan Weinzierl, [[Computational particle physics#cite note-1|op. cit.]] :  pgs 3-5.''</ref> The first systems were almost entirely based on [[LISP| LISP ("LISt Programming language")]]. LISP is an [[interpreted language]] and, as the name already indicates, designed for the manipulation of [[List (abstract data type)|lists]]. Its importance for [[symbolic computing|symbolic computer programs]] in the early days has been compared to the importance of FORTRAN for numerical programs in the same period.<ref>''Stefan Weinzierl, [[Computational particle physics#cite note-1|op. cit.]] :  pgs 3-5.''</ref> Already in this first period, the program [[REDUCE]] had some special features for the application to high energy physics. An exception to the LISP-based programs was [[SCHOONSHIP]], written in [[assembler language]] by [[Martinus J. G. Veltman]] and specially designed for applications in particle physics. The use of assembler code lead to an incredible fast program (compared to the interpreted programs at that time) and allowed the calculation of more complex [[scattering]] processes in high energy physics. It has been claimed the program's importance was recognized in 1998 by awarding the half of the Nobel prize to Veltman.<ref>''Stefan Weinzierl, [[Computational particle physics#cite note-1|op. cit.]] :  pgs 3-5.''</ref> Also the program [[MACSYMA]]  deserves to be mentioned explicitly, since it triggered important development with regard to algorithms. In the 1980s new computer algebra systems started to be written in [[C (programming language)|C]]. This enabled the better exploitation of the [[computer memory|resources]] of the computer (compared to the interpreted language LISP) and at the same time allowed to maintain [[Software portability|portability]] (which would not have been possible in assembler language). This period marked also the appearance of the first commercial computer algebra system, among which Mathematica and [[Maple (software)|Maple]]  are the best known examples. In addition, a few dedicated programs appeared, an example relevant to particle physics is the program FORM by J. Vermaseren as a (portable) successor to SCHOONSHIP. More recently issues of the [[software maintenance|maintainability]] of large projects became more and more important and the overall [[programming paradigm]]a changed from [[procedural programming]] to [[object-oriented]] design. In terms of programming languages this was reflected by a move from C to [[C++]]. Following this change of paradigma, the library GiNaC was developed. The GiNac library allows symbolic calculations in C++.

[[Automatic programming#Implementations|Code generation for computer algebra]] can also be used in this area.

=== Lattice field theory ===

[[Lattice field theory]] was created by [[Kenneth G. Wilson|Kenneth Wilson]] in 1974.<ref>((cite journal | last=Wilson | first=Kenneth G. | title=Confinement of quarks | journal=Physical Review D | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=10 | issue=8 | date=1974-10-15 | issn=0556-2821 | doi=10.1103/physrevd.10.2445 | pages=2445–2459| bibcode=1974PhRvD..10.2445W ))</ref> Simulation techniques were later developed from statistical mechanics.<ref>((cite journal | last1=Callaway | first1=David J. E. | last2=Rahman | first2=Aneesur | title=Microcanonical Ensemble Formulation of Lattice Gauge Theory | journal=Physical Review Letters | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=49 | issue=9 | date=1982-08-30 | issn=0031-9007 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.49.613 | pages=613–616|bibcode=1982PhRvL..49..613C))</ref><ref>((cite journal | last1=Callaway | first1=David J. E. | last2=Rahman | first2=Aneesur | title=Lattice gauge theory in the microcanonical ensemble | journal=Physical Review D | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=28 | issue=6 | date=1983-09-15 | issn=0556-2821 | doi=10.1103/physrevd.28.1506 | pages=1506–1514|bibcode=1983PhRvD..28.1506C| url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/144746 ))</ref>

Since the early 1980s, LQCD researchers have pioneered the use of [[massively parallel]] computers in large scientific applications, using virtually all available computing systems including traditional main-frames, large [[computer cluster|PC clusters]], and high-performance systems. In addition, it has also been used as a [[Benchmark (computing)|benchmark]] for [[high-performance computing]], starting with the IBM [[Blue Gene]] supercomputer.

Eventually national and regional QCD grids were created: LATFOR (continental Europe), UKQCD and USQCD. The ILDG (International Lattice Data Grid) is an international venture comprising grids from the UK, the US, Australia, Japan and Germany, and was formed in 2002.<ref>((cite arXiv|author=C.M. Maynard|title= International Lattice Data Grid: Turn on, plug in, and download Ch.2, pg. 3.|eprint=1001.5207|year=2010|class= hep-lat))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Les Houches Accords]]
*[[CHEP Conference]]
*[[Computational physics]]

== References ==
((reflist))

== External links ==
*  Brown University. [http://www.het.brown.edu/chep/ Computational High Energy Physics (CHEP) group page] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080516/http://www.het.brown.edu/chep/ |date=2015-05-18 ))
*  [http://www.ccs.tsukuba.ac.jp/projects/ILFTNet/ International Research Network for Computational Particle Physics] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045721/http://www2.ccs.tsukuba.ac.jp/projects/ILFTNet/ |date=2016-03-05 )). Center for Computational Sciences, [[University of Tsukuba|Univ. of Tsukuba]], Japan.
* [http://information-technology.web.cern.ch/about/computer-centre/computing-history History of computing at CERN]

((DEFAULTSORT:Computational Particle Physics))
[[Category:Computational particle physics| ]]
[[Category:Computational fields of study]]

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