Conflict of laws and
private international law
Preliminaries
Definitional elements
Connecting factors
Substantive legal areas
Enforcement

In the conflict of laws, the validity and effect of a contract with one or more foreign law elements will be decided by reference to the so-called "proper law" of the contract.

History

In England, until the middle of the 19th century, the courts generally applied the lex loci contractus as the proper law.[1][2]

Proper law

Express selection

In England, as of 1 October 1983,[3] when the parties express a clear intention in a choice-of-law clause, this is generally the proper law.[4]

Implied selection

In England, as of 1 October 1983,[3] when the parties have not used express words, their intention may be inferred from the terms and nature of the contract, and from the general circumstances of the case.[5]

Closest and most real connection

In Mount Albert Borough Council v Australasian etc Assurance Society Ltd, it was held that, in default, the court has to impute an intention by asking, as just and reasonable persons, which law the parties ought to, or would, have intended to nominate if they had thought about it when they were making the contract.[6] But see The Assunzione.[7]

Dépeçage

Some legal systems provide that a contract may be governed by more than one law. This concept is referred to as dépeçage.[8]

References

  1. ^ J H C Morris, The Conflict of Laws, Third Edition, Stevens and Sons, London, 1984, ISBN 0-420-46890-0, p 266.
  2. ^ This approach was also generally adopted in Scotland: A E Anton, Private International Law: A treatise from the standpoint of Scots law, (Scottish Universities Law Institute), W Green & Son, Edinburgh, 1967, reprinted 1970, p 185. As to contract in conflict of laws in Scotland generally, see further the rest of chapter 7 ("Contract").
  3. ^ a b J H C Morris, The Conflict of Laws, Third Edition, Stevens and Sons, London, 1984, p vii
  4. ^ J H C Morris, The Conflict of Laws, Third Edition, Stevens and Sons, London, 1984, ISBN 0-420-46890-0, p 270.
  5. ^ J H C Morris, The Conflict of Laws, Third Edition, Stevens and Sons, London, 1984, ISBN 0-420-46890-0, p 275.
  6. ^ Mount Albert Borough Council v Australasian etc Assurance Society Ltd [1938] AC 224 at 240. J H C Morris, The Conflict of Laws, Third Edition, Stevens and Sons, London, 1984, ISBN 0-420-46890-0, p 276.
  7. ^ The Assunzione [1954] P 150 at 175. As to the effect this case, see J H C Morris, The Conflict of Laws, Third Edition, Stevens and Sons, London, 1984, ISBN 0-420-46890-0, p 276, footnote 60.
  8. ^ J H C Morris, The Conflict of Laws, Third Edition, Stevens and Sons, London, 1984, ISBN 0-420-46890-0, p 528.

Further reading

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