Conscription in North Korea occurs despite ambiguity concerning its legal status. Men are universally conscripted while women undergo selective conscription. Conscription takes place at age 17 and service ends at 30. Children of the political elites are exempt from conscription, as are people with bad songbun (ascribed social status in North Korea). Recruitment is done on the basis of annual targets drawn up by the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea and implemented locally by schools. Conscription first began before the Korean War.
Background
North Korea is considered the world's most militarized society.[1] As many as one in three North Koreans may be a member of one of the many military organizations at any given time.[2]
History
Conscription in North Korea began before the Korean War. The draft helped to rapidly grow the size of the Korean People's Army (KPA) before the war broke out in 1950.[3]
In 1993, conscription was extended from eight to ten years.[4]
Legal status
In 1958, North Korea adopted Cabinet Decision number 148 to define service of conscripts as three and a half years in the army and four years in the navy. In 1993, service was expanded to ten years on the orders of Kim Jong Il.[5] In 1996, conscription was further extended and conscripts will now have to serve until they are aged 30.[4] According to some sources,[6] conscription was codified in a law adopted by the 10th Supreme People's Assembly in 2003.[5]
Although the legal status of conscription in North Korea is not entirely clear, the country de facto maintains a system of conscription.[6]
In practice
Drafting
All men over the age of 17 effectively have to enlist. They have to partake in constant enlistment rallies during which it is nearly impossible to refuse service.[6]
Young men are enthusiastic about enlisting because it protects them from the stigma attached to those who do not join the military. Some positive incentives still exist, as military training invariably increases the draftee's chances of employment after service.[1]
There are obligations for conscripts not only during, but also before and after service. Registering for draft takes place at age 14,[4] and two rounds of physical examination are conducted at age 15 or 16.[4][5] The physical examination ensures that draftees meet the requirement of being at least 148 cm tall and weighing 43 kg, although exceptions are made.[5]
Drafting usually takes place at age 17 after graduating from senior middle school. Economic, political, and health concerns are weighed when draft is decided on. Postponing military service is possible for some if they continue education in high school or college.[4]
Skilled workers, technicians, members of some government organizations,[4] and children of political and military notables are often excluded from conscription.[7][8] Some 30 percent of male middle school students, usually sons of the elite, are exempt from the draft to progress directly through high school to college or university. For instance, Kim Jong Il never went through the compulsory military service.[8] In addition to the privileged, those considered politically unloyal (those with particularly bad songbun) are also exempt from service.[9]
Upon conscription, servicemen are assigned to a branch, specialization, and a duty unit.[7]
In service
Each conscript begins their service with basic training that lasts for about two months in the army, and up to three months in the air force and navy. Training methods emphasize memorization and repetition, but also psychological, occupational and technical skills. Drills often take place during nighttime, and repetitiveness is in part due to the low-tech nature of the force, but also to bring performance up to a standard. The training methods are effective, and produce a fighting force that is, according to James Minnich, "well versed in the basics even under adverse conditions". NCO candidates are chosen based on military merits.[7] Because the overwhelming majority of officers have worked their way up the ranks, the result is an egalitarian corps whose officers are familiar with the concerns of ordinary recruits.[10] Conditions are harsh,[7] and training typically lasts from 5:00 AM to 10:00 PM.[11]
Servicemen are expected to grow food to supplement their otherwise meager rations between 700 and 850 grams.[12] Other activities not directly related to training are also imposed on them.[11] Leaves are limited. A conscript may, in rare cases, be granted a two-week leave once or twice during his entire service. Service personnel are not allowed to marry, so conscripts typically stay single until they turn 30.[7] About five percent of draftees, on the military's insistence, proceed to college or university after a year-long preparatory course. This route to higher education is considered easier than continuing studies right after middle school.[8]
Women are selectively conscripted at a ratio where for every one female there are nine male conscripts. Women serve in all three service branches of the KPA: its Ground Force, Navy, and Air Force.[7]
Hunter, Helen-Louise (2008). "The Society and Its Environment". In Worden, Robert L. (ed.). North Korea: A Country Study (Fifth ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 59–134. ISBN978-0-16-088278-4. LCCN2008028547.
Minnich, James M. (2008). "National Security". In Worden, Robert L. (ed.). North Korea: A Country Study (Fifth ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 237–282. ISBN978-0-16-088278-4. LCCN2008028547.
Further reading
Chŏng Yŏng-t'ae (2008). Internal and External Perceptions of the North Korean Army. Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification. ISBN978-89-8479-455-9.
Kim Chong-min (August 1999). "Conscription System and Soldiers' Lives in North Korea". Pukhan: 134–145.
