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((short description|Parliament of England held in 1689))
((Use British English|date=August 2023))
((Use dmy dates|date=April 2022))
((Parliaments of England 1601))
The '''English Convention''' was an assembly of the [[Parliament of England]] which met between 22 January and 12 February 1689 (1688 [[Old Style and New Style dates|old style]], so its legislation was labelled with that earlier year) and transferred the crowns of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] from [[James II of England|James II]] to [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II]].

A parallel [[Convention of Estates (1689)|Scottish Convention]] met in March 1689 and confirmed that the throne of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] was also to be awarded to William and Mary.

==Assemblies of 1688==
Immediately following the [[Glorious Revolution]], with King [[James II of England]] in flight and Prince [[William III of Orange]] nearing London, the [[Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester|Earl of Rochester]] summoned the [[Lords Temporal]] and [[Lords Spiritual]] to assemble, and they were joined by the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|privy councillors]] on 12 December 1688 to form a provisional government for England. James II returned to London on 16 December; by the 17th he was effectively a prisoner of William who arrived in London the next day. Subsequently, William allowed James to flee in safety, to avoid the ignominy of doing his uncle and father-in-law any immediate harm.

William refused the crown as ''[[de facto]]'' king and instead called another assembly of peers on 21 December 1688. On 23 December James fled to France. On 26 December the peers were joined by the surviving members of Charles II's [[Oxford Parliament (1681)|Oxford Parliament]] (from the previous reign), ignoring the MPs who were just elected to James's [[Loyal Parliament]] of 1685. The [[Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham|Earl of Nottingham]] proposed a conditional restoration of King James II, an idea supported by [[Archbishop Sancroft]], but the proposal was rejected and instead the assembly asked William to summon a convention.<ref>Harris 2006 pp.312–313</ref>

==Convention of 1689==
((more citations needed section|date=January 2017))
The Convention Parliament was [[1689 English general election|elected in January]] and first met on 22 January 1689. The parliament spent much time arguing over whether James II was considered to have abdicated or abandoned the throne in some manner and who then should take the crown. The Whigs referred to theories of [[social contract]] and argued that William alone should now be king.<ref>Harris 2006 p. 314</ref> A few 'Radical' Whigs argued for a [[republic]], but most Whigs argued for a [[limited monarchy]].<ref>Harris 2006 p. 317</ref>

The Tories favoured the retention of James II, a regency, or William's wife, [[Mary II of England|Mary]], alone as queen. Archbishop Sancroft and loyalist bishops preferred that James II be conditionally restored.<ref>Harris 2006 p. 319</ref>

On 29 January, it was resolved that England was a [[Protestant]] kingdom and only a Protestant could be king, thus disinheriting a Catholic claimant.<ref>Fritze, Ronald H. & Robison, William B.  ''Historical dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689'' Greenwood Press (1996) p. 126 entry on Convention Parliament (1689)</ref> James was a Roman Catholic.

By the beginning of February, the Commons agreed on the descriptor "abdicated" and that the throne was vacant, but the Lords rejected abdicated as the term was unknown in [[common law]] and indicated that even if the throne was vacant, it should automatically pass to the next in line, which implied it was to be Mary.<ref>Harris 2006 p. 327</ref>

However, on 6 February the Lords capitulated, primarily since it became apparent that neither Mary nor [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]] would agree to rule in place of William.<ref>Hoppit, Julian ''A Land of Liberty?, England 1689–1727'' Oxford University Press (2000) p. 20</ref> As a compromise, the Lords proposed that [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] should both take the throne, which the Commons agreed if William alone held regal power.

The parliament drew up a [[Declaration of Right]] to address abuses of government under James II and to secure the religion and liberties of [[Protestants]], which was finalised on 12 February.

On 13 February, William and Mary were proclaimed King and Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. The acceptance of the Crown was conditional not upon acceptance of the Declaration of Right but on the assumption that they rule according to law.<ref name="Bogdanor">((cite book | title=The Monarchy and the Constitution | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Bogdanor, Vernon | year=1997 | pages=5–6))</ref><ref>Harris 2006 p.347</ref>

On 23 February 1689, King William III reconvened the Convention into a regular parliament<ref name="Horwitz">((cite book | title=Parliament, Policy, and Politics in the reign of William III | url=https://archive.org/details/parliamentpolicy0000horw_o2j8 | url-access=registration | publisher=Manchester University Press | author=Horwitz, Henry | year=1977 | page=[https://archive.org/details/parliamentpolicy0000horw_o2j8/page/17 17]| isbn=9780719006616 ))</ref> by dissolving it and summoning a new parliament almost a year later.

The actions of the Convention Parliament were regularised in early 1690 by the [[Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689]], the first act passed by the regularly elected [[2nd Parliament of William and Mary]] following a [[1690 English general election|new election]].

===Effect on Thirteen Colonies===
The Convention Parliament of 1689 would be imitated in the [[Thirteen Colonies]], and the use of such conventions as an "instrument of transition" became more acceptable and more often used by the Colonies, resulting most notably in the 1787 [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]] which drew up the [[United States Constitution]].<ref name="CaplanRL">((cite book | title=Constitutional Brinksmanship: Amending the Constitution by National Convention | url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionalbr00capl | url-access=registration | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Caplan, Russell L | year=1988 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/constitutionalbr00capl/page/6 6–40]| isbn=978-0-19-505573-3 ))</ref>

==Notable Acts of the Parliament==
*[[Bill of Rights 1688]]
*[[Toleration Act 1688]]
*[[Mines Royal Act 1688]]

==See also==
*[[1689 English general election]]
*[[List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1689]]
*[[Carmarthen–Halifax ministry]] 1689–1690
*[[Revolutionary breach of legal continuity]]
*[[Convention Parliament (England)]]

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

=== Works cited ===
* ((Cite book |last=Harris |first=Tim |title=Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685–1720 |date=2006 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0-7139-9759-0 |author-link=Timothy J. G. Harris))

((authority control))

[[Category:1689 in England]]
[[Category:17th-century English parliaments]]
[[Category:Constitutional conventions (political meeting)]]
[[Category:Glorious Revolution]]
[[Category:1689 in politics]]
[[Category:English monarchy]]
[[Category:The Restoration]]

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