Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons

States parties and signatories to the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. States parties are dark blue; former parties are red
Signed	28 September 1954 (1954-09-28)
Location	New York City, United States
Effective	6 June 1960 (1960-06-06)
Condition	6 ratifications
Signatories	23
Parties	98[1]
Depositary	Secretary-General of the United Nations
Languages	English French Spanish

The Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons is a 1954 United Nations multilateral treaty that aims to protect stateless individuals.^[2]

Surrounding events

The United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights were approved on 10 December 1948. The Declaration at Article 15 affirms that:^[3]

1. Everyone has the right to a nationality.
2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees was promulgated on 28 July 1951. Despite an original intention, it did not include any content about the status of stateless persons and there was no protocol regarding measures to effect the reduction of statelessness.

On 26 April 1954, ECOSOC adopted a Resolution to convene a Conference of Plenipotentiaries to "regulate and improve the status of stateless persons by an international agreement".

The ensuing Conference adopted the Convention on 28 September 1954.

The Convention entered into force on 6 June 1960.

Content

The key substantive content of the convention is listed below.^[2]

Article 1:

The Convention applies to stateless persons under the protection of the UNHCR but not to those under the protection of other UN agencies (i.e., UNRWA). It does not apply to persons with rights and obligations acknowledged by their country of residence as indistinguishable from those attached to the possession of that country's nationality. It does not apply to war criminals or to the perpetrators of crimes against humanity or against peace. It does not apply to those who have demonstrated themselves to have been enemies of international peace and co-operation.

Article 7:

Contracting States shall accord to stateless persons the same treatment as is accorded to aliens generally.

Article 8:

No "exceptional measures" to be taken against stateless persons in a Contracting State because of their former nationality.

Article 9:

Provisional measures affecting stateless persons may be taken in time of war or grave emergency where national security is at issue.

Article 10:

Forcible removal of a stateless person from territory of a Contracting State due to Second World War to count as residence in that territory.

Article 11:

Admonition of States to show sympathy to stateless seaman regularly engaged on ships of that State's flag

Article 12:

Personal status (e.g. marital status) of a stateless person to be governed by the law of his/her domicile ahead of the law of his/her residence.

Article 13:

Rights to property to be no less than accorded to aliens generally.

Article 14:

Intellectual property rights to be no less than accorded by a Contracting State to its own nationals.

Article 15:

Right of association to be no less than accorded by each Contracting State to aliens generally.

Article 16:

Stateless persons not to be discriminated against in providing "security for costs and eventual penalty", or otherwise by courts in Contracting States.

Article 17–19:

Stateless persons to be treated at least as favourably as aliens generally with regard to participation in wage-earning employment.

Article 20–23:

Stateless persons to be treated no less favourably than nationals with respect to rationing, housing, public education, and public relief.

Article 24:

Extension of Articles 20–23 to labour legislation and social security.

Article 27:

Upon request, Contracting States shall issue travel and identity documents to stateless persons within their territory.

Article 29:

No discrimination against stateless persons in fiscal charges.

Article 30:

Stateless persons to be permitted to transfer their assets to the place of their resettlement.

Article 31:

Stateless persons not to be expelled except on grounds of national security or public order.

Article 32:

Contracting States shall facilitate assimilation and naturalization of stateless persons.

Article 33:

Interpretation disputes between State parties to be finally referable to the International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Remaining Clauses:

Territorial application; federal clause; signature, ratification and entry into force.

State parties

As of 2024, the United Nations, the depository of the convention, lists 98 parties to the Convention. One state, the Holy See,^[a] has signed the convention as a non-member state, but has not ratified it.^[1] The 98 parties are:

Madagascar denounced its accession made in 1962, effective 2 April 1966.^[1][b] The United Kingdom extended the convention to British Hong Kong, and China has declared that the convention continues to apply to Hong Kong post-1997.^[1][c]