| Coptis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Coptis occidentalis flowers | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Subfamily: | Coptidoideae |
| Genus: | Coptis Salisb. |
| Type species | |
| Coptis trifolia | |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
Coptis (goldthread or canker root) is a genus of between 10 and 15 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Asia and North America.
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Coptis aspleniifolia Salisb. | fernleaf goldthread, spleenwort-leaf goldthread | British Columbia, in Alaska, and along the Cascades into Washington |
| Coptis chinensis Franch. | Chinese goldthread | China. | |
| Coptis deltoidea C.Y.Cheng & P.K.Hsiao | China (W. Sichuan) | ||
| Coptis huanjiangensis L.Q.Huang, Q.J.Yuan & Y.H.Wang | China (Guangxi) | ||
 |
Coptis japonica (Thunb.) Makino | Japanese goldthread | Japan |
| Coptis kitayamensis Kadota | Japan (Honshu) | ||
 |
Coptis laciniata A.Gray | Oregon goldthread | California, Oregon, Washington State |
 |
Coptis lutescens Tamura | Japan (C. Honshu) | |
| Coptis minamitaniana Kadota | Japan (Kyushu) | ||
|
Coptis occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr. & A.Gray | Idaho goldthread | Idaho, Montana, Washington |
| Coptis omeiensis (F.H.Chen) C.Y.Cheng | China (W. Sichuan, Henan) | ||
 |
Coptis quinquefolia Miq. | Taiwan, Japan | |
| Coptis quinquesecta W.T.Wang | Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam. | ||
 |
Coptis ramosa (Makino) Tamura | Japan | |
| Coptis teeta Wall. | Yunnan goldthread | Arunachal Pradesh to China (NW. Yunnan) | |
 |
Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. | threeleaf goldthread, savoyane, canker-root | Eastern Eurasia, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Canada, USA |
 |
Coptis trifoliolata (Makino) Makino | Japan (N. & Central Honshu) |
Coptis teeta is used as a medicinal herb in China and the Eastern Himalayan regions of India particularly in Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh where it is used as a bitter tonic for treating malarial fever[1][2] and dyspepsia.[3] It is also believed to help insomnia in Chinese herbology.[citation needed] The roots contain the bitter alkaloid berberine.[4] Studies have shown that the species has become endangered both due to overexploitation as well as intrinsic genetic bottlenecks such as high cytoplasmic male sterility induced by genetic mutations.[5][6] As a result of the synaptic mutation and ensuing male sterility the sexual reproduction in the species is significantly depressed.[6] The dried roots (goldthread) were commercially marketed in Canada until the 1950s or early 60s, to be steeped into a "tea" and swabbed onto areas affected by thrush (candidiasis) infection.[citation needed]
The species inhabits warm and cold temperate forests of oak-rhododendron association.[2] It is occasionally seen growing under bamboo thickets around Mayodia region of Dibang Valley district in the Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh in India. It flowers during early spring March–April and sets fruit/seed in July–August. The seedlings are rare and are often found germinating on moss laden dead wood on the forest floor or even on moss laden branches of Rhododendron. A new subspecies was recognised in C. teeta by Pandit & Babu and was named as subsp. lohitensis, which is morphologically very different from subsp. teeta and it is geographically distinct and inhabits broad leaf forests in Delai Valley of Lohit district in Arunachal Pradesh, India.[1]
