The Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance System (CJDSS) is a unit of the Public Health Agency of Canada. It studies the various variants of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, and at least as of 2017, assisted "with DNA sequencing, autopsy and case confirmation".[1] As of 2014, the CJDSS conducted "prospective national surveillance for all types of human prion disease in Canada. The main purposes of the CJDSS [were then] to better understand the epidemiology of human prion diseases, to improve the options available for their rapid and accurate diagnosis, and ultimately to protect the health of Canadians by reducing risks of prion disease transmission."[2]

History

CJD deaths in Canada[3]
Year Deaths Population Mortality
1998 24 30,244,982 0.79
1999 32 30,492,106 1.05
2000 35 30,783,969 1.14
2001 30 31,130,030 0.96
2002 36 31,450,443 1.14
2003 29 31,734,851 0.91
2004 44 32,037,434 1.37
2005 44 32,352,233 1.36
2006 44 32,678,986 1.35
2007 39 33,001,076 1.18
2008 49 33,371,810 1.47
2009 53 33,756,714 1.57
2010 38 34,131,451 1.11
2011 51 34,472,304 1.48
2012 63 34,880,248 1.81
2013 51 35,289,003 1.45
2014 56 35,675,834 1.57
2015 52 35,702,707 1.46
2016 64 36,286,400 1.76
2017 86 36,712,658 2.34
2018 80 37,589,262 2.13
2019 78 37,802,043 2.06

The CJDSS was created in 1998 (along with a slew of other OECD national reporting systems[4][5][6]) "in response to the widespread outbreak of vCJD in the United Kingdom",[7] and "is a research project that relies on direct CJD reporting by all neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuropathologists, geriatricians, and infectious disease physicians to the" PHAC.[8]

The CJDSS issued its first annual report in 1998.[7]

In 2002, the CJDSS issued a report entitled "Infection Control Guidelines: Classic CJD in Canada".[9]

In July 2003 with the help of Agriculture and Agri-Food Minister Lyle Vanclief who is also an accredited Bachelor of Agriculture and active farmer,[10][11] the SRM feed ban was imposed by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA).[12] This was the first regulatory change to bovine farm practice in Canada after and as a result of the British BSE disaster.[11][13] Feeding cattle to cattle had been practiced in Canada at least since 1992[14] when the British culled at least 100,000 cattle in an attempt to control BSE.[15] Then in January 2004, the CFIA "announced that it would enhance its BSE surveillance testing to at least 8,000 cattle during the first year and to 30,000 per year in subsequent years to calculate the prevalence of BSE in Canadian adult cattle. The level and design of this enhanced program continues to be in full accordance with the guidelines recommended by the OIE."[14] As late as 2010, an audit report produced by external management consultant advisors from Ottawa told the Canadian government that the feed bans "will not show results for another five years."[12]

In 2004, the CJDSS, which had up until then been part of Health Canada's Population and Public Health Branch, was incorporated into the newly formed PHAC.[citation needed]

In 2007, the CJDSS issued a report entitled "Classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Canada Quick Reference Guide 2007".[16]

In 2010, the CJDSS was evaluated, as part of the evaluation of the Prion Diseases Program of which it forms part.[12]

In 2011, a novel case of CJD that was detected in an immigrant patient from Saudi Arabia and noticed by the CJDSS in the Canada Communicable Disease Report,[17] prompted the Canadian Blood Services and Hema-Quebec to issue deferral orders for blood donors from the middle eastern country.[18]

In 2013, Coulthart et al. described at an academic conference Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease reporting in Canada.[19]

By 2014, "all human prion diseases [were] provincially reportable [at least in Newfoundland and Labrador] and nationally notifiable in Canada."[2]

In 2017, Fan, Deilgat and Speechley wrote that "the role of the CJDSS is to assist in the investigation and diagnosis of suspected cases of CJD in Canada, provide support to patients and health care providers, and ultimately protect the health of Canadians by reducing the risk of CJD transmission."[7]

In budget year 2019–20, the CJDSS advertised that it sought autopsy services in the National Capital Region.[20][21]

Leadership

References

  1. ^ "Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: A Resource for Health Professionals" (PDF). British Columbia Provincial Health Services Authority. British Columbia Centre for Disease Control. 23 September 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Diseases Transmitted by Direct Contact and through the Provision of Health Care" (PDF). Newfoundland and Labrador Disease Control Manual. Disease Control Manual - Section 7. August 2014.
  3. ^ "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance system (CJDSS) report". Public Health Agency of Canada. 2021-04-14.
  4. ^ Litzroth, Amber; Cras, Patrick; De Vil, Bart; Quoilin, Sophie (2015). "Overview and evaluation of 15 years of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance in Belgium, 1998-2012". BMC Neurology. 15: 250. doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0507-x. PMC 4668685. PMID 26630984.
  5. ^ Sun, Yu; Liu, Chih-Ching; Fan, Ling-Yun; Huang, Chung-Te; Chen, Ta-Fu; Lu, Chien-Jung; Guo, Wan-Yuo; Chang, Yang-Chyuan; Chiu, Ming-Jang (2020). ". Incidence of and Mortality Due to Human Prion Diseases in Taiwan: A Prospective 20-Year Nationwide Surveillance Study from 1998 to 2017". Clinical Epidemiology. 12: 1073–1081. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S274093. PMC 7569055. PMID 33116901.
  6. ^ "CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UK" (PDF). The National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU. 2017.
  7. ^ a b c Fan, E., Deilgat, M., Speechley, M. (2017). Investigating Suspected Outbreaks of Rare Infectious Disease Using Surveillance Data: The CJDSS Perspective. in: John-Baptiste, A. & McKinley, G. [eds] Western Public Health Casebook 2017. London, ON: Public Health Casebook Publishing.
  8. ^ "Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease - Classic and Variant" (PDF). Alberta Health. Public Health Disease Management Guidelines. May 2018.
  9. ^ "Infection Control Guidelines: Classic CJD in Canada". Public Health Agency of Canada. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance System. 2002. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2021.((cite news)): CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ^ "Grad News". No. 28. University of Guelph Alumnus Magazine. Fall 1997.
  11. ^ a b Roos, Robert (24 July 2003). "Canada moves to shield food supply from BSE-infected material". CIDRAP.
  12. ^ a b c "Evaluation of The Prion Diseases Program: 3.0 Relevance". Public Health Agency of Canada. 2010-06-15.
  13. ^ "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in North America". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011.
  14. ^ a b "BSE Enhanced Surveillance Program". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2011-04-14. Archived from the original on 7 May 2011.
  15. ^ "'Mad cow disease': What is BSE?". BBC. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  16. ^ "Classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Canada Quick Reference Guide 2007". Public Health Agency of Canada. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance System. 2007.
  17. ^ Coulthart, Michael B.; Geschwind, Michael D.; Qureshi, Shireen; Phielipp, Nicolas; Demarsh, Alex; Abrams, Joseph Y.; Belay, Ermias; Gambetti, Pierluigi; Jansen, Gerard H.; Lang, Anthony E.; Schonberger, Lawrence B. (2016). "A case cluster of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease linked to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". Brain. 139 (10): 2609–2616. doi:10.1093/brain/aww206. PMC 5082737. PMID 27671029.
  18. ^ "New vCJD Case in Canada Prompts CBS to Plan Saudi Arabia Residency Deferral" (PDF). America's Blood Centers. ABC Newsletter. March 18, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  19. ^ "Prion and Prion-like Diseases in Humans: Poster Abstracts". Prion. 7 (sup1): 54–80. 2013. doi:10.4161/pri.24865. PMC 4031668. PMID 29095080.
  20. ^ "Autopsy services for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (1000210808)". No. 2019–05–27. Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2020-05-29. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  21. ^ "AVIS DE PROJET DE MARCHÉ (APM) No de la demande : 1000210808 Services d'autopsie pour la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob" (PDF) (in French). Public Works and Government Services Canada. 31 July 2019.
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