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((refimprove|date=September 2023))
((Short description|Ethnic group in Crimea))((For|ancient Germanic population of Crimea|Crimean Goths))
The '''Crimea Germans''' (((lang-de|'''Krimdeutsche''')), ((lang-ru| '''крымские немцы'''|krymskiye nemtsy))) were [[ethnic German]] settlers who were invited to settle in the [[Crimea]] as part of the [[Ostsiedlung]] (East Settlement).

==History==
From 1783 onwards, there was a systematic settlement of [[Russians]], [[Ukrainians]], and [[Germans]] to the [[Crimean Peninsula]] (in what was then the [[Crimean Khanate]]) in order to weaken the [[Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatar]] population.((cn|date=September 2023))

The first planned settlements of [[Germans]] in Crimea were founded over 1805–1810 with the support of [[Czar]] [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]]. The first settlements were:

* Friedental – in the district of [[Simferopol]]; formed in 1806 by [[Lutherans]]
* Heilbrunn – in the district of [[Feodosiya]]; formed in 1809 by [[Lutherans]]
* Kronental – in the district of [[Simferopol]]; formed in 1810 by [[Lutherans]] and [[Catholics]]
* Neusatz – in the district of [[Simferopol]]; formed in 1806 by [[Lutherans]]
* Rosental – in the district of [[Simferopol]]; formed in 1806 by [[Catholics]]
* Staryj Krim (old Crimea) – in the district [[Feodosiya]]; formed in 1805 by [[Lutherans]] and [[Catholics]]
* Sudak – in the district of [[Feodosiya]]; formed in 1805 by [[Lutherans]]
* Zuerichtal – in the district of [[Feodosiya]]; formed in 1805 by [[Swiss people|Swiss]] and [[Lutherans]]

All of these early colonies were located in the [[Crimean Mountains|Yayla-mountains]] of [[Crimea]] and were mostly [[Swabia]]n wine-farmers. However over time only [[Sudak]] produced quality wine and the other settlements soon turned to agriculture. The second generation didn't have enough land and soon young men started buying land from the [[Russians|Russian]] aristocracy and creating new ("daughter") colonies.

[[File:Karte der Halbinsel Krim.jpg|thumb|right|German map of Crimea, [[Meyers Konversations-Lexikon]], 1888.]]

Later [[Mennonites]] began to move from [[Ukraine]] into [[Crimea]].

Details are vague but during the 19th century a "German hospital" and dispensary arose in the [[Simferopol]] suburb of ''Nowyj gorod'' (called ''Neustadt'' or new city—now this is [[Kyivskyi District, Simferopol|Kyivskyi District]] of Simferopol).<ref>((cite book |chapter=Die deutschen Kolonien in der Krim |title=Heimutbuch der Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland |year=1960 |language=de ))</ref>

==Soviet Persecution==
[[File:CrimeaGermans1926.PNG|thumb|Portion of German settled population in Crimea in 1926]]
[[File:Subdivisions of Crimean ASSR 1938.png|thumb|In red indicated German national districts in the [[Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]]]
On 18 October 1921, the so-called ''[[Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]'' was created as part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (i.e. part of [[Russia]]). In place of the modern [[Krasnohvardiiske Raion]] there were two national districts made for Germans, Biyuk-Onlar and Telman. Under the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] regime many ''[[Volksdeutsche]]'' were persecuted by gangs of [[Russian peasants]] as landowning ''[[Kulak]]s'' or class enemy ''bourgeoisie''. In 1939, two years before their [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deportation]] to [[Central Asia]], around 60,000 of the 1.1 million inhabitants of [[Crimea]] were German and "they had their own administrative raion in the Crimean Republic.".<ref>((cite book |first=Valdis O. |last=Lumans |title=Himmler's Auxiliaries: the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German minorities of Europe, 1939–1945 |location=Chapel Hill |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=1993 |page=128 |isbn=0-8078-2066-0 ))</ref>((Citation needed|date=December 2007))

==Nazi invasion, deportation and exile==
In late 1941, following the [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the western regions]] of the [[USSR]], [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authorities forcibly removed almost 53,000 native Germans of [[Crimea]] eastwards to [[Siberia]] and Central Asia on entirely spurious allegations that they were spies for the [[Third Reich]]. Consequently, many died in transit, although later they could not be seriously blamed for [[Nazi]] crimes in the region.

<blockquote>"Stalin had no doubts about the loyalty of the ethnic German minority. He considered them all potential traitors, and in line with his inherent "Great Russian" chauvinism, had already decided to deport the entire community to internal exile in case of war. Therefore''',''' when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, a decision was made by Stalin to evacuate all ethnic Germans from the Western Regions of the Soviet Union. The first evacuations, which''',''' in reality''',''' were expulsions, as the inhabitants were never allowed to return to their homes, were decreed by the Supreme Soviet already on June 22. Action to deport every ethnic German from the Crimea began on August 15. Although the decree stated that old people would not have to leave, everyone was expelled—first to [[Stavropol]], and then [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]] in Southern Ukraine, near Crimea''';''' but then all were sent on to forced labor camps and special settlements in Kazakhstan, Central Asia. The deportees were not told where they were going, how long they would stay there and how much food to take''';''' they were given only three or four hours to pack. The result was starvation for many and, due to the confusion, the separation of a large number of families. In all''',''' as many as 60,000 ethnic Germans were expelled from the Crimea at this time'''.'''"<ref>((Cite book |title = Voices from the Gulag; the Oppression of the German Minority in the Soviet Union |last = Merten |first = Ulrich |publisher = American Historical Society of Germans from Russia |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-0-692-60337-6 |location = Lincoln, Nebraska |pages = 158–159))</ref></blockquote>

It is unclear whether any Crimea Germans remained at all during the [[Nazi]] occupation—[[Germany|German]] policy involved evacuating all surviving [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] ''Volksdeutsche'' to settlements in [[Poland]].<ref>((cite book |first=Valdis O. |last=Lumans |title=Himmler's Auxiliaries: the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German minorities of Europe, 1939–1945 |location=Chapel Hill |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=1993 |page=250 |isbn=0-8078-2066-0 ))</ref> The [[Nazi]] ''Generalkommissar'' for Crimea, the Austrian [[Alfred Frauenfeld]], toyed with the idea of resettling ethnic Germans (''Volksdeutsche'') here from [[Italy|Italian]] [[South Tyrol]] after the war, and several cities of the envisaged ''Gotengau'' were renamed with spurious German names ([[Simferopol]] became ''Gotenburg'' and [[Sevastopol]] became ''Theodorichhafen'' for example).<ref>((cite book |editor-first=Arnold |editor-last=Toynbee |editor-first2=Veronica |editor-last2=Toynbee |title=Hitler's Europe |chapter=Ukraine, under German Occupation, 1941–44 |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1954 |pages=316–337 |oclc=4355796 ))</ref>

==Perestroika and post-Soviet times==
Crimean [[Germans]] were only allowed to return to the peninsula after [[Perestroika]]. The [[German reunification]] brought a rebirth of Crimean-German culture and, in 1994, they had a small representation in the Crimean Parliament.((citation needed|date=January 2014))

The 1991 RSFSR law ''[[On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples]]'' addressed [[rehabilitation (Soviet)|rehabilitation]] of all ethnicities repressed in the Soviet Union. However the law had various deficiencies, including unclear legal status of a number of peoples, such as Crimean Tatars and Crimean Germans moved across the borders of Soviet republics, after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].<ref>[http://www.ndkt.org/pravovye-voprosy-reabilitatsii-repressirovannyh-narodov.-b.m.lazarev.html Правовые вопросы реабилитации репрессированных народов], in ''Pravo i Zhizn'', 1994, no 4, p. 26.</ref> After the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea by Russia]], on April 21, 2014 [[Vladimir Putin]] signed the decree No 268 "О мерах по реабилитации армянского, болгарского, греческого, крымско-татарского и немецкого народов и государственной поддержке их возрождения и развития". ("On the Measures for the Rehabilitation of Armenian, Bulgarian, Greek, Crimean Tatar and German Peoples and the State Support of Their Revival and Development"),<ref>[http://kremlin.ru/acts/news/50284 Внесены изменения в указ о мерах по реабилитации армянского, болгарского, греческого, крымско-татарского и немецкого народов и государственной поддержке их возрождения и развития]</ref> amended by Decree no.  458 of September 12, 2015.<ref>[http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/40037 Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 12.09.2015 г. № 458]</ref>  The decree addressed the status of the mentioned peoples which resided in [[Crimean ASSR]] and were deported from there.

==See also==
* [[History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union]]
* [[Black Sea Germans]]
* ''[[Spätaussiedler]]'' [[:de:Spätaussiedler|(de)]]
* [[Catherine II of Russia]]
* [[Crimean Goths]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
*((cite book |first=Robert |last=Conquest |title=The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |year=1970 |isbn=0-333-10575-3 ))

==External links==
* [https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=1Sz-Sn4I1F-iqS2sNeeTPZ6-Jd8I&z=5&ll=47.705357848482265%2C38.308886718750045 Germans from Russia Settlement Locations Google Map]

((National minorities of Ukraine))
((German diaspora))

[[Category:German diaspora by country]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Crimea]]
[[Category:Ukrainian people of German descent| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic German people from the Russian Empire| ]]
<!--until the deportation article written -->
[[Category:Forced migration in the Soviet Union during World War II]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing of Germans]]

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