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Cross-resistance is when something develops resistance to several substances that have a similar mechanism of action. For example, if a certain type of bacteria develops resistance to one antibiotic, that bacteria will also have resistance to several other antibiotics that target the same protein or use the same route to get into the bacterium. A real example of cross-resistance occurred for nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin, which are both quinolone antibiotics. When bacteria developed resistance to ciprofloxacin, they also developed resistance to nalidixic acid because both drugs inhibit topoisomerase, a key enzyme in DNA replication.[1] Due to cross-resistance, antimicrobial treatments like phage therapy can quickly lose their efficacy against bacteria.[2] This makes cross-resistance an important consideration in designing evolutionary therapies.

Definition

Cross-resistance is the idea is that the development of resistance to one substance subsequently leads to resistance to one or more substances that can be resisted in a similar manner. It occurs when resistance is provided against multiple compounds through one single mechanism, like an efflux pump.[3] Which can keep concentrations of a toxic substance at low levels and can do so for multiple compounds. Increasing the activity of such a mechanism in response to one compound then also has a similar effect on the others. The precise definition of cross-resistance depends on the field of interest.

Pest management

In pest management, cross-resistance is defined as the development of resistance by pest populations to multiple pesticides within a chemical family.[4] Similar to the case of microbes, this may occur due to sharing binding target sites. One such example occurs in the case of cadherin mutations may result in cross resistance in H. armigera to Cry1Aa and Cry1Ab. There also exists multiple resistance in which resistance to multiple pesticides occurs via different resistances mechanisms as opposed to the same mechanisms.[5]

Microorganisms

In another case it is defined as the resistance of a virus to a new drug as a result of previous exposure to another drug.[6] Or in the context of microbes as the resistance to multiple different antimicrobial agents as a result of a single molecular mechanism.[7]

Antibiotic resistance

Cross-resistance is highly involved in the widespread issue of antibiotic resistance; an area of clinical relevance. There is a continued increase in the development of multidrug resistance in bacteria. This is partially due to the widespread use of antimicrobial compounds in diverse environments.[8] But resistance to antibiotics can arise in multiple ways. It is not necessarily the result of exposure to an antimicrobial compound.

Structural similarity

Cross-resistance can take place between compounds that are chemically similar, like antibiotics within similar and different classes.[9] That said, structural similarity is a weak predictor of antibiotic resistance, and does not predict antibiotic resistance at all when aminoglycosides are disregarded in the comparison.[10]

Target similarity

Cross resistance will most commonly occur due to target similarity. This is possible when antimicrobial agents have the same target, initiate cell death in a similar manner or have a similar route of access. An example is cross-resistance between antibiotics and disinfectants. Exposure to certain disinfectants can lead to the increased expression of genes that encode for efflux pumps that are able to maintain low levels of antibiotics. So the same mechanism that is used to clear the disinfectant compound from the cell can also be used to clear antibiotics from the cell.[11] Another example is cross-resistance between antibiotics and metals. As mentioned before compounds do not have to be similar in structure in order to lead to cross-resistance. It can also occur when the same mechanism is used to remove the compound from the cell. In the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes for instance a multi-drug efflux transporter was found that could export both metals and antibiotics.[12][13] Experimental work has shown that exposure to Zinc can lead to increased levels of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.[14] Several other studies have reported cross-resistance to various types of metals and antibiotics. These worked through several mechanisms, like drug efflux systems and disulphide bond formation systems. The possible implication of this is that not only the presence of antibacterial compounds can lead to the development of resistance against antibiotics, but also environmental factors like exposure to heavy metals.[3]

Collateral sensitivity

Collateral sensitivity occurs when developing multidrug resistance causes a bacteria to develop sensitivity to other drugs. Such developments can be exploited by researchers in effort to combat the harms created by cross resistance to commonly used antibiotics.[15] Increased sensitivity to an antibiotic means that a lower concentration of antibiotic can be used to achieve adequate growth inhibition. Collateral sensitivity and antibiotic resistance exist as a trade off, in which the benefits gained by antibiotic resistance are balanced by the risks introduced by collateral sensitivity.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ Périchon, B. "Cross Resistance". ScienceDirect. Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  2. ^ Wright, Rosanna (3 October 2018). "Cross-resistance is modular in bacteria-phage interactions". PLOS Biology. 16 (10): e2006057. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006057. PMC 6188897. PMID 30281587.
  3. ^ a b Pal, Chandan; Asiani, Karishma; Arya, Sankalp; Rensing, Christopher; Stekel, Dov J.; Larsson, D. G. Joakim; Hobman, Jon L. (2017-01-01), Poole, Robert K. (ed.), "Chapter Seven - Metal Resistance and Its Association With Antibiotic Resistance", Advances in Microbial Physiology, Microbiology of Metal Ions, Academic Press, 70: 261–313, doi:10.1016/bs.ampbs.2017.02.001, PMID 28528649
  4. ^ Sarwar, Muhammad; Aslam, Roohi (2020-01-01), Awasthi, L. P. (ed.), "Chapter 23 - New advances in insect vector biology and virus epidemiology", Applied Plant Virology, Academic Press, pp. 301–311, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818654-1.00023-2, ISBN 978-0-12-818654-1, S2CID 219881317, retrieved 2021-09-23
  5. ^ Wu, Yidong (2014-01-01), Dhadialla, Tarlochan S.; Gill, Sarjeet S. (eds.), "Chapter Six - Detection and Mechanisms of Resistance Evolved in Insects to Cry Toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis", Advances in Insect Physiology, Insect Midgut and Insecticidal Proteins, Academic Press, vol. 47, pp. 297–342, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800197-4.00006-3, retrieved 2022-12-07
  6. ^ Locarnini, Stephen; Bowden, Scott (2010-08-01). "Drug Resistance in Antiviral Therapy". Clinics in Liver Disease. Chronic Hepatitis B: An Update. 14 (3): 439–459. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2010.05.004. ISSN 1089-3261. PMID 20638024.
  7. ^ Colclough, Abigail; Corander, Jukka; Sheppard, Samuel K.; Bayliss, Sion C.; Vos, Michiel (2019-01-28). "Patterns of cross-resistance and collateral sensitivity between clinical antibiotics and natural antimicrobials". Evolutionary Applications. Wiley. 12 (5): 878–887. doi:10.1111/eva.12762. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 6503891. PMID 31080502.
  8. ^ Anes, João; McCusker, Matthew P.; Fanning, Séamus; Martins, Marta (2015-06-10). "The ins and outs of RND efflux pumps in Escherichia coli". Frontiers in Microbiology. 6: 587. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00587. PMC 4462101. PMID 26113845.
  9. ^ Sanders, C C; Sanders, W E; Goering, R V; Werner, V (1984). "Selection of multiple antibiotic resistance by quinolones, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides with special reference to cross-resistance between unrelated drug classes". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. 26 (6): 797–801. doi:10.1128/aac.26.6.797. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 180026. PMID 6098219.
  10. ^ Lázár, Viktória; Nagy, István; Spohn, Réka; Csörgő, Bálint; Györkei, Ádám; Nyerges, Ákos; Horváth, Balázs; Vörös, Andrea; Busa-Fekete, Róbert; Hrtyan, Mónika; Bogos, Balázs; Méhi, Orsolya; Fekete, Gergely; Szappanos, Balázs; Kégl, Balázs (2014). "Genome-wide analysis captures the determinants of the antibiotic cross-resistance interaction network". Nature Communications. 5: 4352. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.4352L. doi:10.1038/ncomms5352. PMC 4102323. PMID 25000950.
  11. ^ Chapman, John S. (2003). "Disinfectant resistance mechanisms, cross-resistance, and co-resistance". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. Hygiene and Disinfection. Elsevier. 51 (4): 271–276. doi:10.1016/s0964-8305(03)00044-1. ISSN 0964-8305.
  12. ^ Mata, M.T.; Baquero, F.; Pérez-Díaz, J.C. (2000). "A multidrug efflux transporter in Listeria monocytogenes". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 187 (2): 185–188. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09158.x. ISSN 0378-1097. PMID 10856655.
  13. ^ Baker-Austin, Craig; Wright, Meredith S.; Stepanauskas, Ramunas; McArthur, J.V. (2006). "Co-selection of antibiotic and metal resistance". Trends in Microbiology. Cell Press. 14 (4): 176–182. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.02.006. ISSN 0966-842X. PMID 16537105.
  14. ^ Peltier, Edward; Vincent, Joshua; Finn, Christopher; Graham, David W. (2010). "Zinc-induced antibiotic resistance in activated sludge bioreactors". Water Research. International Water Association (Elsevier). 44 (13): 3829–3836. Bibcode:2010WatRe..44.3829P. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.041. ISSN 0043-1354. PMID 20537675.
  15. ^ Pál, Csaba; Papp, Balázs; Lázár, Viktória (July 2015). "Collateral sensitivity of antibiotic-resistant microbes". Trends in Microbiology. 23 (7): 401–407. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2015.02.009. ISSN 0966-842X. PMC 5958998. PMID 25818802.
  16. ^ Roemhild, Roderich; Andersson, Dan I. (2021-01-14). "Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of collateral sensitivity to antibiotics". PLOS Pathogens. 17 (1): e1009172. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009172. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 7808580. PMID 33444399.
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