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((Short description|Class of single-celled organisms))
((More citations needed|date=August 2010))
((Taxobox
| name              = Cryptophytes
| classification_status = [[incertae sedis]] within [[Eukaryota]]
| image             = Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg
| image_caption     = ''Rhodomonas salina''
| domain            = [[Eukaryota]]
| unranked_phylum   = [[Cryptista]]
| superclassis      = [[Cryptomonad]]a
| classis           = '''Cryptophyceae'''
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision       = * [[Tetragonidiales]]
* [[Pyrenomonadales]]
* [[Cryptomonadales]]
| synonyms          = * Cryptomonada <small>Senn 1900</small>
* Cryptomonadinae <small>Pascher 1913</small>
* Cryptomonadophyceae <small>Pascher ex Schoenichem 1925</small>
))

The '''cryptophyceae''' are a class of [[algae]],<ref name="pmid18397952">((cite journal |author=Khan H, Archibald JM |title=Lateral transfer of introns in the cryptophyte plastid genome |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=3043–53 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18397952 |pmc=2396441 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkn095 |url=))</ref> most of which have [[chloroplast|plastids]]. About 220 species are known,<ref>[https://www.algaebase.org/pub_taxonomy/?id=4341 Cryptophyceae - :: Algaebase]((Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref> and they are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around [[1 E-5 m|10–50 μm]] in size and flattened in shape, with an anterior groove or pocket. At the edge of the pocket there are typically two slightly unequal [[flagellum|flagella]].

Some exhibit [[mixotrophy]].<ref name="urlCryptophyta - the cryptomonads">((cite web|url=http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Cryptophyta.html/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=412159&lvl=1|title=Cryptophyta - the cryptomonads|access-date=2009-06-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610151135/http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Cryptophyta.html/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=412159&lvl=1|archive-date=2011-06-10))</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File:Cryptophyta_cell_scheme.svg|thumb|left|150px|Cell scheme: 1-[[vacuole|contractile vacuole]], 2-[[plastid]], 3-[[thylakoid]], 4-[[Eyespot apparatus|stigma]], 5-[[nucleomorph]], 6-[[starch]] granule, 7-[[70S ribosome]], 8-[[cell nucleus|nucleus]], 9-[[Eukaryotic ribosome (80S)|80S ribosome]], 10-[[flagella]], 11-invagination, 12-[[lipid]] globules, 13-[[ejectosome]]s, 14-[[mitochondrion]], 15-[[pyrenoid]], 16-[[Golgi apparatus]], 17-[[endoplasmic reticulum]], 18-[[endoplasmic reticulum|chloroplast-endoplasmic reticulum]].]]

Cryptophytes are distinguished by the presence of characteristic [[extrusome]]s called [[ejectosome]]s or ejectisomes, which consist of two connected spiral ribbons held under tension.<ref name="Graham">((cite book |last1=Graham |first1=L. E. |last2=Graham |first2=J. M. |last3=Wilcox |first3=L. W. |year=2009 |title=Algae |edition=2nd |publisher=Benjamin Cummings (Pearson) |location=San Francisco, CA |isbn=9780321559654 ))</ref> If the cells are irritated either by mechanical, chemical or light stress, they discharge, propelling the cell in a zig-zag course away from the disturbance. Large ejectosomes, visible under the light microscope, are associated with the pocket; smaller ones occur underneath the [[periplast]], the cryptophyte-specific cell surrounding.<ref name="MorrallGreenwood">((cite journal |last1=Morrall |first1=S. |last2=Greenwood |first2=A. D. |year=1980 |title=A comparison of the periodic sub-structures of the trichocysts of the Cryptophyceae and Prasinophyceae |journal=BioSystems |volume=12 |issue= 1–2|pages=71–83 |doi= 10.1016/0303-2647(80)90039-8|pmid=6155157 ))</ref><ref name="GrimStaehelin">((cite journal|author2-link=Lucas Andrew Staehelin|last1=Grim |first1=J. N. |last2=Staehelin |first2=L. A. |year=1984 |title=The ejectisomes of the flagellate ''Chilomonas paramecium'' - Visualization by freeze-fracture and isolation techniques |journal=[[Journal of Protozoology]] |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=259–267 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb02957.x |pmid=6470985 ))</ref>

Except for ''[[Chilomonas]]'', which has [[leucoplast]]s, cryptophytes have one or two chloroplasts. These contain [[chlorophyll]]s ''a'' and ''c'', together with [[phycobiliprotein]]s and other pigments, and vary in color (brown, red to blueish-green). Each is surrounded by four membranes, and there is a reduced [[cell nucleus]] called a [[nucleomorph]] between the middle two. This indicates that the plastid was derived from a [[eukaryote|eukaryotic]] symbiont, shown by genetic studies to have been a [[red alga]].<ref name="Douglas2002">((cite journal |last=Douglas |first=S. |year=2002 |title=The highly reduced genome of an enslaved algal nucleus |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=410 |issue=6832 |pages=1091–1096 |doi=10.1038/35074092 |pmid=11323671|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free |bibcode=2001Natur.410.1091D ))</ref> However, the plastids are very different from red algal plastids: phycobiliproteins are present but only in the thylakoid lumen and are present only as phycoerythrin or [[phycocyanin]]. In the case of "Rhodomonas" the crystal structure has been determined to 1.63Å;<ref name="Wilk1999">((cite journal |last=Wilk |first=K. |year=1999 |title=Evolution of a light-harvesting protein by addition of new subunits and rearrangement of conserved elements: Crystal structure of a cryptophyte phycoerythrin at 1.63Å resolution. |journal=PNAS |volume=96 |issue=16 |pages=8901–8906 |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.16.8901|pmid=10430868 |display-authors=etal|pmc=17705 |doi-access=free ))</ref> and it has been shown that the alpha subunit bears no relation to any other known phycobiliprotein.

A few cryptophytes, such as ''[[Cryptomonas]]'', can form palmelloid stages, but readily escape the surrounding mucus to become free-living flagellates again. Some ''Cryptomonas'' species may also form immotile [[microbial cyst]]s–resting stages with rigid cell walls to survive unfavorable conditions. Cryptophyte flagella are inserted parallel to one another, and are covered by bipartite hairs called [[mastigonemes]], formed within the [[endoplasmic reticulum]] and transported to the cell surface. Small scales may also be present on the flagella and cell body. The [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]] have flat [[crista]]e, and [[mitosis]] is open; [[sexual reproduction]] has also been reported.

The group have evolved a whole range of light-absorbing pigments, called phycobilins, which are able to absorb wavelengths that are not accessible to other plants or algae, allowing them to live in a variety of different ecological niches.<ref>((cite web |last1=Callier |first1=Viviane |title=This Type of Algae Absorbs More Light for Photosynthesis Than Other Plants |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/species-algae-has-evolved-absorb-more-light-photosynthesis-other-plants-180973389/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |date=23 October 2019))</ref> An ability that originates from the evolution of a unique light‐harvesting antenna complex derived from two relict parts of the red algal [[phycobilisome]], which was completely dismantled during the endosymbiotic process.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9951199/ Molecular structures reveal the origin of spectral variation in cryptophyte light harvesting antenna proteins]</ref>

While cryptophytes are usually seen as asexual, sexual reproductions do occur; both haploid and diploid forms have been found. The two species ''Teleaulax amphioxeia'' and ''Plagioselmis prolonga'' are now considered to be the same species, where ''T. amphioxeia'' is the diploid form and ''P. prolonga'' is the haploid form. The diploid form is most common when there are more nutrients in the water. Two haploid cells will often fuse to form a diploid cell, mixing their genes.<ref>[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abb1611 Dimorphism in cryptophytes—The case of Teleaulax amphioxeia/Plagioselmis prolonga and its ecological implications]</ref>

==Classification==
[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 6743 SEM Cryptophyte.jpg|thumb|Cryptophytes under [[Scanning electron microscope|SEM]]]]
[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 7234 microalgal cultures.jpg|thumb|Cryptophytes under [[light microscope]] ]]
((further|Wikispecies:Cryptophyceae))

The first mention of cryptophytes appears to have been made by [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg]] in 1831,<ref>((cite journal |last=Novarino |first=G. |date=2012 |title=Cryptomonad taxonomy in the 21st century: The first 200 years |journal=Phycological Reports: Current Advances in Algal Taxonomy and Its Applications: Phylogenetic, Ecological and Applied Perspective |pages=19–52 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265520014 |access-date=2018-10-16))</ref> while studying [[Infusoria]]. Later, botanists treated them as a separate [[algae]] group, class Cryptophyceae or division Cryptophyta, while zoologists treated them as the [[flagellate]] [[protozoa]] order Cryptomonadina. In some classifications, the cryptomonads were considered close relatives of the [[dinoflagellate]]s because of their (seemingly) similar pigmentation, being grouped as the [[Pyrrhophyta]]. There is considerable evidence that cryptophyte chloroplasts are closely related to those of the [[heterokont]]s and [[haptophyte]]s, and the three groups are sometimes united as the [[Chromista]]. However, the case that the organisms themselves are closely related is not very strong, and they may have acquired plastids independently. Currently they are discussed to be members of the clade [[Diaphoretickes]] and to form together with the [[Haptophyta]] the group [[Hacrobia]]. Parfrey et al. and Burki et al. placed Cryptophyceae as a sister clade to the [[Green algae|Green Algae]].<ref>((cite journal|author-link1=Laura Wegener Parfrey|last1=Parfrey|first1=Laura Wegener|last2=Lahr|first2=Daniel J. G.|last3=Knoll|first3=Andrew H.|last4=Katz|first4=Laura A.|author-link4=Laura A. Katz|title=Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=August 16, 2011|volume=108|issue=33|pages=13624&ndash;13629|doi=10.1073/pnas.1110633108|pmid=21810989|pmc=3158185|bibcode=2011PNAS..10813624P |doi-access=free))</ref><ref>((Cite journal|last1=Burki|first1=Fabien|last2=Kaplan|first2=Maia|last3=Tikhonenkov|first3=Denis V.|last4=Zlatogursky|first4=Vasily|last5=Minh|first5=Bui Quang|last6=Radaykina|first6=Liudmila V.|last7=Smirnov|first7=Alexey|last8=Mylnikov|first8=Alexander P.|last9=Keeling|first9=Patrick J. |date=2016-01-27 |title=Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista |journal=Proc. R. Soc. B |language=en |volume=283 |issue=1823 |pages=20152802 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.2802 |issn=0962-8452 |pmid=26817772 |pmc=4795036))</ref>

One suggested grouping is as follows: (1) ''[[Cryptomonas]]'', (2) ''[[Chroomonas]]/[[Komma caudata|Komma]]'' and ''[[Hemiselmis]]'', (3) ''[[Rhodomonas]]/[[Rhinomonas]]/[[Storeatula]]'', (4) ''[[Guillardia]]/[[Hanusia]]'', (5) ''[[Geminigera]]/[[Plagioselmis]]/[[Teleaulax]]'', (6) ''[[Proteomonas sulcata]]'', (7) ''[[Falcomonas daucoides]]''.<ref name="urlCryptomonads">((cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Cryptomonads/2396 |title=Cryptomonads |access-date=2009-06-24))</ref>

* '''Class Cryptophyceae '''<small>Fritsch 1937</small> [Cryptomonadea <small>Stein 1878 emend. Schoenichen 1925</small>]
** Genus ''[[Wysotzkia]]'' <small>Lemmermann 1899</small>
** Genus ''[[Urgorri]]'' <small>Laza-Martinez 2012</small>
** Order [[Tetragonidiales]] <small>Kristiansen 1992</small>
*** Family [[Tetragonidiaceae]] <small>Bourelly ex Silva1980</small>
**** Genus ''[[Bjornbergiella]]'' <small>Bicudo 1966</small>
**** Genus ''[[Tetragonidium]]'' <small>Pascher 1914</small>
** Order [[Pyrenomonadales]] <small>Novarino & Lucas 1993</small>
*** Family [[Baffinellaceae]] <small>Daugbjerg & Norlin 2018</small><ref>((Cite journal |last1=Daugbjerg |first1=Niels |last2=Norlin |first2=Andreas |last3=Lovejoy |first3=Connie |date=2018-07-25 |title=''Baffinella frigidus'' gen. et sp. nov. (Baffinellaceae fam. nov., Cryptophyceae) from Baffin Bay: Morphology, pigment profile, phylogeny, and growth rate response to three abiotic factors |url=https://www1.bio.ku.dk/staff/ndaugbjerg/pdf/Daugbjerg_et_al_2018.pdf |journal=J. Phycol. |language=en |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=665–680 |doi=10.1111/jpy.12766 |issn=1529-8817 |pmid=30043990 |s2cid=51718360 |access-date=2019-05-26 |archive-date=2018-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012175435/https://www1.bio.ku.dk/staff/ndaugbjerg/pdf/Daugbjerg_et_al_2018.pdf |url-status=dead ))</ref>
**** Genus ''[[Baffinella]]'' <small>Norlin & Daugbjerg 2018</small>
*** Family [[Chroomonadaceae]] <small>Clay, Cugrens & Lee 1999</small>
**** Genus ?''[[Smithimastix]]'' <small>Skvortzov 1969</small> [''[[Smithiella]]'' <small>Skvortzov 1968 nom. illeg.</small>]
**** Genus ''[[Chroomonas]]'' <small>Hansgirg 1885</small>
**** Genus ''[[Falcomonas]]'' <small>Hill 1991</small>
**** Genus ''[[Hemiselmis]]'' <small>Parke 1949</small>
**** Genus ''[[Komma (alga)|Komma]]'' <small>Hill 1991</small>
**** Genus ''[[Nodeana]]'' <small>Skvortzov 1968</small>
**** Genus ''[[Planonephros]]'' <small>Christensen 1978</small>
**** Genus ''[[Protochrysis]]'' <small>Pascher 1911</small>
*** Family [[Geminigeraceae]] <small>Clay, Cugrens & Lee 1999</small>
**** Genus ''[[Geminigera]]'' <small>Hill 1991</small>
**** Genus ''[[Guillardia]]'' <small>Hill & Wetherbee 1990</small>
**** Genus ''[[Phia]]'' <small>Özdikmen 2009</small> [''[[Hanusia]]'' <small>Deane et al. 1998 non Cripps 1989</small>]
**** Genus ''[[Plagioselmis]]'' <small>Butcher 1967 ex Novarino, Lucas & Morrall 1994</small>
**** Genus ''[[Teleaulax]]'' <small>Hill 1991</small>
*** Family [[Pyrenomonadaceae]] <small>Novarino & Lucas 1993</small>
**** Genus ''[[Proteomonas]]'' <small>Hill & Wetherbee 1986</small>
**** Genus ''[[Rhinomonas]]'' <small>Hill & Wetherbee 1988</small>
**** Genus ''[[Rhodomonas]]'' <small>Karsten 1898</small> [''[[Pyrenomonas]]'' <small>Santore 1984</small>]
**** Genus ''[[Storeatula]]'' <small>Hill 1991</small>
** Order [[Cryptomonadales]] <small>Pascher 1913</small>
*** Family ?[[Butschliellaceae]] <small>Skvortzov 1968</small>
**** Genus ''[[Butschliella]]'' <small>Skvortzov 1968</small>
**** Genus ''[[Skvortzoviella]]'' <small>Bourelly 1970</small>
*** Family ?[[Cyathomonadaceae]] <small>Pringsheim 1944</small>
**** Genus ''[[Cyathomonas]]'' <small>de Fromentel 1874</small>
*** Family ?[[Hilleaceae]] <small>Pascher 1967</small>
**** Genus ''[[Calkinsiella]]'' <small>Skvortzov 1969</small>
**** Genus ''[[Hillea]]'' <small>Schiller 1925</small>
*** Family ?[[Pleuromastigaceae]] <small>Bourrelly ex Silva 1980</small>
**** Genus ?''[[Opisthostigma]]'' <small>Scherfffel 1911</small>
**** Genus ''[[Pleuromastix]]'' <small>Scherffel 1912 non Namyslowski 1913</small>
**** Genus ''[[Xanthodiscus]]'' <small>Schewiakoff 1892</small>
*** Family [[Cryptomonadaceae]] <small>Ehrenberg 1831</small> [Campylomonadaceae <small>Clay, Kugrens & Lee 1999</small>; [[Cryptochrysidaceae]] <small>Pascher 1931</small>]
**** Genus ?''[[Chilomonas]]'' <small>Ehrenberg 1831</small>
**** Genus ?''[[Protocryptochrysis]]'' <small>Skvortzov 1969</small>
**** Genus ''[[Cryptella_(cryptomonad)|Cryptella]]'' <small>Pascher 1929</small>
**** Genus ''[[Cryptochloris]]'' <small>Schiller 1925</small>
**** Genus ''[[Cryptochrysis]]'' <small>Pascher 1911</small>
**** Genus ''[[Cryptomonas]]'' <small>Ehrenberg 1832</small> [''[[Campylomonas]]'' <small>Hill 1991</small>]
**** Genus ''[[Cyanomastix]]'' <small>Lackey 1936</small>
**** Genus ''[[Isoselmis]]'' <small>Butcher 1967</small>
**** Genus ''[[Kisselevia]]'' <small>Skvortzov 1969</small>
**** Genus ''[[Meyeriella]]'' <small>Skvortzov 1968</small>
**** Genus ''[[Olivamonas]]'' <small>Skvortzov 1969</small>
**** Genus ''[[Protocryptomonas]]'' <small>Skvortzov 1969 ex Bicudo 1989</small>

==References==
((Reflist|40em))

==External links==
* [http://tolweb.org/Cryptomonads/2396 Tree of Life: Cryptomonads]

((Eukaryota classification))
((Cryptista))
((Life on Earth))
((Taxonbar|from=Q21281984|from2=Q18668642|from3=Q488032))

[[Category:Cryptomonads| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith]]

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