Cumberlandite is the state rock of Rhode Island and a specific type of plutonic rock called a melanocratic troctolite, or melatroctolite.^[1][2] It can be found in a 4-acre (0.016 km²) lot in Blackstone Valley, Cumberland at Iron Mine Hill in the Franklin Quadrangle, just east of Woonsocket.^[3] Further traces can be found scattered throughout the Narragansett Bay watershed as far as Martha's Vineyard.^[4] Cumberlandite is not exclusive to Rhode Island, but also found in Taberg, Sweden.^[5] Due to its high amounts of iron, it is slightly ferrimagnetic.

Background

Cumberlandite is considered sacred to the Nipmuc tribe. ^{[6][citation needed]} Notably, during the 18th and 19th centuries, colonial settlers recognized its value as ore. Historical records reveal that as early as 1703, it was smelted and was later employed in the forging of cannons during significant events such as the Siege of Louisbourg in 1745 and quite possibly the Revolutionary War.^[7]

Cumberlandite weathers to a brownish black with white crystals and has secondary chlorite and saussurite.^[8] It is predominantly found in glacial deposits stretching from south of its origin to the southern shores of Narragansett. Unlike other rocks in Rhode Island's glacial deposits, Cumberlandite is denser than common granites or metamorphic rocks. Its unique origin, distinct appearance, and ease of identification contributed to its selection as the Rhode Island state rock.

Petrology

Cumberlandite is an uncommon mafic igneous rock known as a melanocratic troctolite, or by IUGS classification, titaniferous magnetite melatroctolite.^[9]

Bulk rock geochemistry shows the below analysis with trace Pb:

Troctolites are unusual olivine-rich pyroxene-poor gabbros common in layered mafic intrusions believed to have formed as cumulates in a magma chamber. Cumberlandite has light phenocrysts of labradorite in a dark, fine to medium-grained matrix of magnetite, ilmenite, olivine, and hercynite spinel. Magnetite and ilmenite cumulates are also common in layered intrusions and these minerals can account for up to 70 percent of the rock's volume contributing to the rock's high density and magnetism. The preferred orientation of the plagioclase crystals gives the rock a lamination.^[11]

The rock is part of the Esmond-Dedham Subterrane with an uncertain age ranging widely from Late Proterozoic to around the Devonian.^[12] He-Magnetite dating suggest an improbable age of 1.5Ga.^[13] Given its chemical composition and the presence of inclusions from a nearby gabbro, experts believe the rock is mid-Paleozoic.^[14][15]