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((more citations needed|date=January 2024))
[[File:Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis.jpg|thumb|right| 300 px|Solid phase peptide synthesis]]
'''Custom peptide synthesis''' is the commercial production of peptides for use in [[biochemistry]], biology, biotechnology, [[pharmacology]] and [[molecular medicine]].<ref>((Cite web |date=5 February 2013 |title=Introduction to Peptide Synthesis |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564544/ |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=National Library of Medicine))</ref> Custom peptide synthesis provides synthetic peptides as valuable tools to biomedical laboratories. Synthetic [[oligopeptides]] are used extensively in research for structure-function analysis (for example to study protein-protein interfaces), for the development of binding assays, the study of receptor agonist/antagonists or as [[immunogen]]s for the production of specific antibodies. Generally, peptides are synthesized by coupling the [[carboxyl group]] or [[C-terminus]] of one [[amino acid]] to the amino group or [[N-terminus]] of another using automated solid phase peptide synthesis chemistries. However, liquid phase synthesis may also be used for specific needs.<ref>((Cite web |title=Peptide Synthesis - How peptides are made |url=https://www.bachem.com/news/how-are-peptides-made/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |language=en-US))</ref>

==Automated solid phase polypeptide synthesis ==
Large scale custom peptide synthesis can be carried out either in a liquid solution or in solid phase. In general, peptides shorter than 8 amino acids are prepared more economically by solution chemistry. Peptides larger than 8 residues are generally assembled by solid phase chemistry. [[Solid phase peptide synthesis]] (SPPS) can be carried out either manually or in a fully automated fashion. Manual synthesis for short peptides is advantageous as it allows for more flexibility when scaling up and it permits troubleshooting of unexpected problems with more ease. For example, an operator can wash away [[piperidine]] during Fmoc deprotection, in the event of a power failure or instrument failure. Furthermore, thermodynamic mixing can be better controlled with a manual approach. On the other hand, large scale fully automated peptide synthesis instruments have the obvious advantage of unattended operation and extensive documentation of the synthesis run. Therefore, automated peptide synthesis is usually selected as the best choice for the synthesis of longer peptides in the mid-scale range.

==Commercial peptide synthesis==
Peptide synthesis providers are measured by the quality level and the maximum length of the synthesized peptides since it is more difficult to synthesize longer peptides at a high quality. The synthesised peptides must undergo a QC procedure by analytical HPLC and [[mass spectrometry]]. Often, amino acid analysis and sequencing is also required.<ref>((Cite web |title=Peptide Synthesis |url=https://www.genscript.com/peptide.html |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=GenScript))</ref>

==Applications of commercially synthesized peptides==
Biologically active [[peptide]]s have been integrated into a growing number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API’s) as well as standalone products such as [[vasopressin]], [[gonadorelin]], [[leuprolide]], and [[goserelin]]. Completion of the [[human genome project]] resulted in the identification of approximately 30,000 proteins encoded in the human genome and provided many more new target molecules for biomedical researchers to explore. To investigate the possibility of increasing the native potency of a given peptide or protein using a rational design approach, small and large amounts of peptides are needed, Some in the milligram scale. Once a desired activity or potency is identified, larger scale synthesis is need. For this, gram to multi-gram scale may be needed in order to initiate small animal studies. Often, after successful validation, an even larger scale of synthesis may be desired. These can range in scale from hundreds of grams to multi-kilo amounts.<ref>((Cite web |title=7 Applications Of Peptide Synthesis |url=https://www.biomatik.com/blog/applications-peptide-synthesis/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Biomatik |language=en))</ref>

==References==
((reflist))
((chemical synthesis))

[[Category:Chemical synthesis]]
[[Category:Peptides]]

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