The cuts of pork are the different parts of the pig which are consumed as food by humans. The terminology and extent of each cut varies from country to country. There are between four and six primal cuts, which are the large parts in which the pig is first cut: the shoulder (blade and picnic), loin, belly (spare ribs and side) and leg.[1][2] These are often sold wholesale, as are other parts of the pig with less meat, such as the head, feet and tail. Retail cuts are the specific cuts which are used to obtain different kinds of meat, such as tenderloin and ham. There are at least 25 Iberian pork cuts, including jamón.[3]
Cuts
Head
The head of the pig can be used to make brawn, stocks, and soups. After boiling, the ears can be fried[4] or baked and eaten separately. The cheeks can be cured and smoked to make jowls, known as carrillada or carrileja in Spanish-speaking countries. The face of Iberian pigs is known as pestorejo or careta, and it includes the ears and snout (morro).[3] The lower parts of the head are the neck (papada) and the amygdalae (castañetas).[3] In the Philippines, the pig's face (the jowls, snout, and ears) is also a distinct cut called maskara ("mask").[5] The tongue, which weighs around 250 grams, is also eaten.[3]
Blade shoulder
Pork shoulders.
Above the front limbs and behind the head is the shoulder blade.[2] It can be boned out and rolled up as a roasting joint, or cured as "collar bacon". Also known as spare rib roast and joint, it is not to be confused with the rack of spare ribs from the front belly. Pork butt, despite its name, is from the upper part of the shoulder. The Boston butt, or Boston-style shoulder cut, comes from this area and may contain the shoulder blade. Mexican carnitas[1] and Iberian aguja[3] are also sourced from this part. Between the aguja and the lomo (loin) is the presa, which is considered the finest cut of Iberian pork.[3] Two well-marbled 600 g cuts of presa are obtained from each Iberian pig.[3] Two smaller 100 g cuts known as pluma are obtained from beneath the presa.[3] The Italian coppa is obtained from the top of the shoulder.
Shoulder arm picnic
The arm shoulder[2] can be cured on the bone to make a ham-like product or be used in sausages. The hands (or paletas in Ibérico pigs) refer to the front legs, as opposed to the hind legs, which are hams or jamones.[3] Between the paleta and the belly is a 150-200 g cut known as secreto which is very popular in Spain.[3]
Loin
Pork chops sold in Paris.
The loin[6] can be cured to make back bacon or Canadian-style bacon. The loin and belly can be cured together to make a side of bacon. The loin can also be divided up into roasts (blade loin roasts, centre loin roasts, and sirloin roasts come from the front, centre, or rear of the loin), back ribs (also called baby back ribs, or riblets), pork cutlets, and pork chops (chuletas). A pork loin crown roast is arranged into a circle, either boneless or with rib bones protruding upward as points in a crown. Pork tenderloin, removed from the loin, should be practically free of fat. It is known as lomo in Spain, where it is most often prepared as a filete or cured as a caña de lomo.[3] This high-quality meat shows a very ordered arrangement of muscle cells that can cause light diffraction and structural coloration.[7]
Spare ribs are taken from the pig's ribs and the meat surrounding the bones. St. Louis–style spareribs have the sternum, cartilage and skirt meat removed. The term abanico is used to refer to the ribs of Iberian pigs. It is very fatty and commonly barbecued.[3]
Belly or side
Korean pork belly cuts, similar to bacon.
The belly, although a fattier meat, can be used for steaks or diced as stir-fry meat. Pork belly may be rolled for roasting or cut for streaky bacon. It is the source of Italian pancetta and Spanish panceta.[3]
Although any cut of pork can be cured, technically speaking only the back leg is entitled to be called a ham. Legs and shoulders, when used fresh, are usually cut bone-in for roasting, or leg steaks can be cut from the bone. Three common cuts of the leg include the rump (upper portion), centre, and shank (lower portion). The ham of Iberian pigs is known as jamón.
Ham hock
The joint between the feet and the leg, known as ham hock or pork knuckles, is cooked in many European countries, including Austria (stelze), Czech Republic (koleno), Germany (eisbein and schweinshaxe), Hungary (csülök), Poland (golonka), Spain (codillo), Sweden (Fläsklägg) and Switzerland (wädli).
Trotters
Both the front and hind trotters can be cooked and eaten. They are colloquially known as "pigs feet" in the Southern United States[8] and as manitas de cerdo in Spanish-speaking regions.[3]
Chitterlings
The intestines (chitterlings) and other internal organs (offal) are often boiled or stewed. The testicles (criadillas) are also eaten.
Tail
The tail has very little meat as it is mostly composed of connective tissue. It can be roasted or fried, which makes the skin crisp and the bone soft. It has a strong flavour.[8] Leonese botillo is made of chopped tail, ribs and bones, which are seasoned, stuffed in the cecum and smoked.
