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((Short description|Species of tree))
((Distinguish|text= ''[[Manilkara obovata]]'', or ''[[Baillonella toxisperma]]'', African pearwood))
((More citations needed|date=October 2013))
((Speciesbox
|image = Safoutier.jpg
|genus = Dacryodes
|species = edulis
|authority = H.J. Lam
|synonyms =
* ''Canarium edule''
* ''Canarium saphu''
* ''Pachylobus edulis''
* ''Pachylobus saphu''
|synonyms_ref = ((Citation needed|date=September 2011))
|range_map = Africa-Dacryodes_edulis.png
|range_map_alt = Native distribution of the Safou
|range_map_caption = ((leftlegend|#00FF00|Native distribution of the Safou<ref>[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Dacryodes_edulis.pdf ''Dacryodes edulis''] at '''worldagroforestry.org'''</ref>|outline=gray))
))

'''''Dacryodes edulis''''' is a [[fruit tree]] in the [[Burseraceae]] family native to [[Africa]]. Its various regional names include '''safou''' ([[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and [[Angola]]), '''messa, plum''' ([[Cameroon]]), '''atanga''' ([[Equatorial Guinea]] and [[Gabon]]), '''ube''', '''elumi''' ([[Nigeria]]),<ref name=YorubaFruits>((cite journal|title=Yoruba Food|first=William R.|last=Bascom|date=Jan 1951|journal=Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=20|issue=1|page=47|doi=10.2307/1156157|jstor=1156157 |s2cid=149837516 ))</ref><ref>[http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/D/Dacryodes_edulis/ ''Dacryodes edulis''] at '''zipcodezoo.com'''</ref> '''African pear''', '''bush pear''', '''African plum''', '''nsafu''', '''bush butter tree''', or '''butterfruit'''.

==Description==
((Cleanup section|reason=as discussed on the talk page|date=March 2012))
''Dacryodes edulis'' is an [[evergreen]] [[tree]] attaining a height of 18–40 meters in the forest but not exceeding 12 meters in [[plantation]]s.<ref>[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=641 Information page] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031644/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=641 |date=2007-09-28 )) at World Agroforestry Centre</ref> It has a relatively short [[Trunk (botany)|trunk]] and a deep, dense crown. The bark is pale gray and rough with droplets of [[resin]]. The leaves are a compound with 5-8 pairs of leaflets. The upper surface of the leaves is glossy. The [[flower]]s are yellow and about 5&nbsp;mm across. They are arranged in a large [[inflorescence]]. The [[fruit]] is an [[ellipsoid]]al [[drupe]] which varies in length from 4 to 12&nbsp;cm. The skin of the fruit is dark blue or violet, whereas the flesh is pale to light green. The tree flowers at the beginning of the rainy season and bears fruits during 2 to 5 months after flowering.
There are two variants of ''Dacryodes edulis'': ''D. e. var. edulis'' and ''D. e. var. parvicarpa''. The fruit of ''D. e. var. edulis'' is larger and the tree has stout, ascending branches. ''D. e. var. parvicarpa'' has smaller fruit and slender, drooping branches.

==Habitat and ranges==

The preferential habitat of ''D. edulis'' (Safou)is a shady, humid [[tropical forest]]. However, it adapts well to variations in soil type, humidity, temperature and day length. The natural range extends from [[Angola]] in the South, [[Nigeria]] and [[Sierra Leone]] in the West and [[Uganda]] in the East. It is also cultivated in [[Malaysia]].

==Oil composition from fruits of two cultivars of African pear in Cameroon==

The oil of fruits of ''D. edulis'' is a rich source of [[fatty acid]]s and [[triglyceride]]s. The fatty acid compositions of fruit pulp oil of 2 cultivars of ''D. edulis'' (cultivars 1 and 2, grown in Cameroon) were determined. Fruits significantly differed in mass, length, thickness of pulp and mass of kernel, but contained similar amounts of oil (64.7 and 62% in cultivars 1 and 2, respectively, with ratios of oil:fruit of 1.4 and 1.54, respectively). The fatty acids ([[palmitic acid|palmitic]], [[oleic acid|oleic]], [[stearic acid|stearic]], [[linolenic acid|linolenic]] and [[linoleic acid]]s) and triglycerides compositions of oils of both cultivars were similar (although cultivar 1 was richer in palmitolino-olein (18.5 compared with 14.1%) and cultivar 2 was richer in dipalmito-olein (24.6 compared with 16.2%)).<ref>Kapseu, C.; Tchiegang, C. 1996 Fruits Paris 51(3): 185-191</ref>

==Uses==
''D. edulis''  has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable landcare.<ref>((cite book |author=National Research Council |title=Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits |url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11879 |access-date=2008-08-01 |volume=3 |date=2008-01-25 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-10596-5 |doi=10.17226/11879 |chapter=Butterfruit |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11879&page=61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331010449/http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11879 |archive-date=2012-03-31 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

===Fruit===
The main use of ''D. edulis'' is its [[fruit]], which can be eaten either raw, cooked in salt water or roasted. Cooked flesh of the fruit has a texture similar to [[butter]] and is often eaten on bread. The pulp contains 48% oil and a plantation can produce 7-8 [[ton]]s of oil per [[hectare]]. The fat content of this fruit is much higher compared to fruits such as apple, guava, and pawpaw.<ref>Omogbai B. A., Ojeaburu S. I. Nutritional Composition And Microbial Spoilage Of Dacryodes edulis Fruits Vended In Southern Nigeria.
http://www.scienceworldjournal.org/article/view/8457</ref> It is also rich in [[vitamin]]s. The [[Seed|kernel]] can be used as fodder for [[sheep]] or [[goat]]s. The [[flower]]s are useful in [[apiculture]].

===Timber===
The [[wood]] of ''D. edulis'' is elastic, greyish-white to pinkish. The wood has general use for tool handles, and occasionally for [[Mortar and pestle|mortars]], and is suitable for [[carpentry]].

===Seed===
The seed of ''Dacryodes edulis'' is rich in different proportion of carbohydrates, proteins, crude fibres, appreciable amounts of potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. It is also rich in essential amino acids such as [[Lysine]], Phenylalanine, Leucine, [[Isoleucine]]. It contain a considerable amount of fatty acids such as palmitic acids, oleic acids, and linoleic acids.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dJwA__teqcC&pg=PT48 |title=Annotated Bibliography of Safou (1990-2004) - International Centre for Underutilised Crops (ICUC) - Google Books |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=2014-08-08))</ref>
Physicochemical analysis suggested that the seed have valuable functional attributes of industrial interest.<ref>((cite journal|last1=Iyawe|first1= Hanson|year=2009|title=Toxicants And Physicochemical Characteristics Of The Seeds Of African Black Pear (Dacryodes edulis)|journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development|volume=9|issue=7|pages=1561–1569|url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?nd09083))</ref> The important natural product, [[gallic acid]], is found in significant quantity in the seed of ''Dacryodes edulis''.<ref>((cite journal|journal=Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria|volume=41|issue=1|pages=6–9|url=http://journals.chemsociety.org.ng/index.php/jcsn/article/view/38|title=STUDIES ON Dacryodes edulis III: ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GALLIC ACID FROM METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF RAW (UNTREATED) SEEDS OF Dacryodes edulis AND ITS ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES|year=2016|last1=Anyam|first1=J. N.|last2=Igoli|first2=J. O.|last3=Igoli|first3=J. O.|last4=Tor-Anyiin|first4=T. A.))</ref> The vasomodulatory properties of the seeds have been reported.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Amadi |first1=PU |last2=Agomuo |first2=EN |last3=Adumekwe |first3=CW |title=Modulatory properties of cardiac and quercetin glycosides from Dacryodes edulis seeds during L-NAME-induced vascular perturbation. |journal=Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology |date=11 July 2020 |volume=31 |issue=5 |doi=10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0116 |pmid=32653874|s2cid=220499594 ))</ref>

==Medicinal uses==
The tree is also a source of many [[herbal medicine]]s.((citation needed|date=March 2021)) It has long been used in the traditional medicine of some African countries to treat various ailments such as wounds, skin diseases,((vague|date=September 2018)) [[dysentery]], and fever. The extracts and secondary metabolites have been found to show antimicrobial and [[antioxidant]] activities.<ref>((Cite journal|doi = 10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60072-9|pmc=4027312|title = Assessment of in vivo antioxidant properties of Dacryodes edulis and Ficus exasperata as anti-malaria plants|year = 2013|last1 = Conrad|first1 = Omonhinmin A.|last2 = Uche|first2 = Agbara I.|journal = Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease|volume = 3|issue = 4|pages = 294–300|doi-access = free))</ref>  A wide range of chemical constituents such as [[terpene]]s, [[flavonoid]]s, [[tannins]], [[alkaloid]]s, and [[saponin]]s have been isolated from the plant.((citation needed|date=March 2021))

===Other uses===
The [[resin]] is sometimes burnt for lighting or used as a [[glue]]. The tree is used as an [[ornamental plant]] and is known to improve [[soil]] quality by providing large quantities of [[biomass]].

==Nomenclature==

The name of the [[genus]] comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for [[tears|tear]], ''dakruon''. This is a reference to the resin droplets on bark surface of its members. The species name ''edulis'' means edible.

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons category|Pachylobus edulis))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113111554/http://www.cropsforthefuture.org/publication/Factsheets/Factsheet-Safou-dacryodes.pdf ''Safou''. International Centre for Underutilised Crops, Southampton, UK. Factsheet No. 3]
* ((AfricanPlants|Dacryodes edulis))

((Taxonbar|from1=Q38557744|from2=Q2369010))

[[Category:Dacryodes|edulis]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of West-Central Tropical Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Trees of Angola]]
[[Category:Flora of Zambia]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional African medicine]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit]]

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