Dadeumi (Korean: 다듬이) or dadeumijil (다듬이질) or kinuta (砧) is a Korean traditional ironing method where two women knelt on the floor, facing each other across a smoothing stone, beating out a rhythm on the cloth to press out its wrinkles and soften it.[1]Dadeumi requires dadeumitbangmangi (다듬잇방망이) and dadeumitdol (다듬잇돌).[2][3] The former is a bat that pounds on the cloth, and the latter is the stone under the cloth.
Also, the cloth is wrapped in a thick round bat, Hongdooggae (홍두깨) (wooden roller used in smoothing cloth)', and dadeumi is performed. It is used to trim a thin cloth such as ramie fabric (모시) or silk.[4]
The 18th-century book, Gyuhap chongseo, details how to do dadeumi and care for fabrics.[5][6] It is estimated that it would have been used from the 17th to the 18th century.[3] Since ancient times, in Korea, people thought it was a good three sounds to hear the crying of baby, reading a book, and the dadeumi sound. These three sounds are called Samhuiseong (삼희성; 三喜声). It is because the cheerful sound when doing dadeumi remind people of healthy vitality, the diligence and stability of everyday life.[5][6][7]
Form and characteristics
Dadeumitbangmangi and dadeumitdol
Dadeumidol are made of granite, agalmatolite, marble, etc. They are also sometimes made of solid wood such as birch wood or zelkova.[5][6] It was made from birch wood in Chungcheongdo or Hamgyeongdo, and in this case it was called the dadeumitdae (다듬잇대). The shape is a thick rectangle. The upper surface touching the fabric is made to be slightly wider and smoother than the underside so that the fabric does not hurt. There are four short legs on the four corners of the underside,[5][6] and both of side have grooves for carrying.[3] It is also called Chimseok (침석; 砧石).[5]Dadeumitbangmangi is a pair of two, made of wood.[8]
Method
Making dadeumitbangmangi
First, women dry the starched clothes. Then, women make the clothes wet with water by spraying it with mouth or hand. Women fold the laundry soaked in water into the wrapping cloth, wait until the water spreads evenly, then fold it back. After that, women place the laundry wrapped in a cloth on top of the dadeumitdol and beat it with a dadeumitbangmangi. When there is one person, grab a bat in both hands and beat. When there are two people, sit face to face with the dadeumitdol in the middle. After a certain amount of beat, repeat unfolding and folding, wrinkles of clothes spread and shine.[3] Fabric such as fine silk is arranged on the dadeumitdol in the primary, then wrap it in Hongdooggae and beat it.[5][9]
Social and cultural significance
Korean women performing dadeumi in the early 20th century
Korean did dadeumi in late autumn and winter. Until late at night, the sound of two people tapping the cloth to the tone with four bats was one aspect of Korean customs.[3]dadeumi also meant correcting the mind to the white-clad folk.[10] In other words, it is sometimes referred to as an Ingochim (Korean: 忍苦砧, 인고침), which means that the pain of the heart that is too much to bear is tolerated with the dadeumi. Each dadeumitdol has a different tone. Because there is a favorite sound in each area, it is carved to make a unique sound like a percussion instrument. There are also colorful paintings and colored dadeumitdol, and there are also dadeumitdol with details of the dead. It was a reflection of the preference and culture of the time.[7]dadeumi was also useful for making cloth for windbreak. When making the hanbok, starched clothes and did dadeumi, the fibers spread and the starched clothes well so that the wind could be blocked well. Furthermore, the surface became less dirty because it became smooth and it was easy to wash because the dirt was falling well.[7] In modern times, the range used in everyday life is reduced, but dadeumi performances are performed at festivals.[11][12]
Dadeumi in culture
There are Korean cultures related to dadeumi. "Sound of Dadeumi" (다듬잇소리) is a poem by Yang Ju-dong that depicts the lives and feelings of women who do dadeumi.[7] Yangpyeong folk song (양평민요)[7] expresses a woman who does dadeumi in simple language. There is also Dadeumi Nori (다듬이놀이) who competes to do better dadeumi.
Dadeumi Nori
Dadeumi Nori (다듬이놀이) is a play performed in Namwon city, Jeollabuk-do. The women sat face to face with the dadeumitdol in the middle and contested who was better at dadeumi. The two people who sit facing each other change the method of fulling according to the pitch of the sound. It removes the boredom of dadeumi. With the way of washing and the material of the cloth changed in the modern day, it is now rarely played.[13]
See also
Waulking song, Scottish folksongs sung by women as the worked cloth together
^ abcdefLee, Hun-jong (1997). 민족생활어사전 [Ethnomusic language dictionary]. South Korea: 한길사 (hangilsa). ISBN9788935630066.
^ abcdKim, Young-sook (1998). 한국복식문화사전 [Korean Costume Culture Dictionary]. South Korea: 미술문화 (Misul Munhwa). p. 115~144. ISBN9788986353242.
^ abcde허동화 (2006-02-20). "우리가 정말 알아야 할 우리 규방 문화 - 다듬잇돌" [Our boudoir culture that we really should know - Dadeumitdol]. 현암사 (Hyeonamsa) (in Korean). South Korea. pp. 51~56. ISBN9788932313146. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
^Cho, Hyo-sun (1989). 한국복식풍속사연구 [Research on the Korean Traditional Costume History]. South Korea: 일지사 (Iljisa). ISBN9788931201772.
^"<경주문화엑스포> 세계인의 문화제전 13일 개막" [<Gyeongju Cultural Expo> Opening ceremony of 13th International Cultural Festival]. 연합뉴스 (Yonhap news) (in Korean). 2003-08-12. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
^"함양 산골마을에 울려 퍼진 '다듬이 소리'" [The Dadeumi sound that resonates in the mountain village of Hamyang.]. 경남신문 (Gyeongnam News) (in Korean). 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
^"함양서 '추억의 다듬이 소리' 들어보세" [Listening to the Dadeumi sound of memories in the Hamyang.]. 경남신문 (Gyeongnam News) (in Korean). 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
^"다듬이놀이" [Dadeumi Nori]. namwon.grandculture.net (in Korean). Retrieved 2018-05-14.
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