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Dallas
Season 9
DVD cover
Country of originUnited States
No. of episodes31
Release
Original networkCBS
Original releaseSeptember 27, 1985 (1985-09-27) –
May 16, 1986 (1986-05-16)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 8
Next →
Season 10
List of episodes

The ninth season of the television series Dallas aired on CBS during the 1985–86 TV season. As the entire season was annulled as a dream of the character Pamela Barnes Ewing (Victoria Principal) in the season 10 premiere, it has since been referred to as the "Dream Year" or the "Dream Season".[1][2][3]

Cast

Starring

In alphabetical order:

Also Starring

Special Guest Stars

Notable guest stars

William Smithers (Jeremy Wendell) continues to appear, and Joshua Harris takes on the role as Christopher Ewing. Merete Van Kamp (Grace) and George Chakiris (Nicholas) appear in a major story arc, as does Solomon Smaniotto (Tony Krebbs), but none of them will return beyond the season.

Crew

After years of only minor changes in the creative staff of the series, the ninth season sees several overhauls: while Philip Capice and Cliff Fenneman remain executive producer and associate producer respectively, James H. Brown replaces Leonard Katzman as producer, who is now the program's creative consultant. Peter Dunne as supervising producer replaces Katzman as showrunner, while Joel J. Feigenbaum as executive story consultant replaces David Paulsen, and Hollace White and Stephanie Garman join as story editors.

Among the three main writers for the two previous seasons, only Leonard Katzman returns for season nine. Other writers for the season are Peter Dunne (who had written two season eight episodes), Will Lorin (who had worked on the show during seasons five and six), and newcomers Joel J. Feigenbaum, Hollace White, Stephanie Garmin, Deanne Barkley, Bill Taub, and series star Susan Howard (Donna).

DVD release

Season nine of Dallas' was released by Warner Bros. Home Video, on a Region 1 DVD box set of four double-sided DVDs, on July 15, 2008. In addition to the 31 episodes, it also includes the featurette "Seasons of Change".[4]

Dallas: The Early Years

Main article: Dallas: The Early Years

On March 23, 1986, between the 26th and the 27th episode of the season, CBS aired the three-hour-long telefilm prequel Dallas: The Early Years, the only Dallas movie made during the series' original run. Written by series creator David Jacobs, the film was introduced by Larry Hagman as his character J.R., and starred David Marshall Grant, Dale Midkiff, and Molly Hagan as Digger Barnes, Jock Ewing, and Ellie Southworth, respectively. Taking place from 1933 to 1951, the film dealt with the creation of Ewing Oil and the origins of the Barnes – Ewing feud.

Episodes

See also: List of Dallas (1978 TV series) episodes
No.
overall		No. in
season		TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal U.S. air dateOriginal U.K. air dateProd.
code		Rating/share
(households)
1921"The Family Ewing"Nick HavingaLeonard KatzmanSeptember 27, 1985 (1985-09-27)March 5, 198617410123.9/38[5]

The Ewings gather at Southfork to mourn Bobby. Cliff and Jamie try to comfort Pam, who blames herself for Bobby's death and frets one day Christopher will blame her as well. Miss Ellie decides to bury Bobby on a beautiful green hill overlooking Southfork near a tree house Jock built for him. Gary returns to Southfork and provides a shoulder for Ellie to lean on. Sue Ellen goes on a bender after J.R. insults her for not being there when Bobby said goodbye to everyone on his deathbed. Dusty wants to take care of Sue Ellen, and J.R. seems more than happy to get Sue Ellen out of his life. Pam tries her best to explain what happened to Christopher, as J.R. does to John Ross as well. Ellie tries to explain to Sue Ellen that she is an alcoholic, and that Dusty cannot offer her the kind of help she needs. Dusty, however, takes extraordinary measures to stop one of her binges. Bobby’s funeral is a small family event. Most of the family members move away and return to the house, leaving J.R. alone with the casket to say a personal and emotional final goodbye to his brother.

NOTE: In February 1985 in the UK, it was announced that the BBC were pulling their broadcasts of season 8 episodes due to Thames Television of ITV having bought the rights for season 9 by outbidding the BBC. The BBC then threatened to broadcast the remaining 16 episodes of season 8 directly up against ITV's season 9 episode transmissions. The controversy resulted in many questions about the issue in the British parliament. The BBC eventually relented and resumed their transmission of the remaining season 8 episodes after seven weeks off the air, while the British government put heavy pressure on Thames Television to sell their rights to season 9 to the BBC at a loss, which was eventually done when Thames Television were ordered to do so by the Independent Broadcasting Authority. The controversy was the main reason for the BBC transmissions of season 9 episodes in the UK being many months further behind the US broadcasts on CBS than usual.
1932"Rock Bottom"Michael PreeceJoel J. FeigenbaumSeptember 27, 1985 (1985-09-27)March 5, 198617410223.9/38[5]
Sue Ellen has a sudden change of heart about leaving Southfork when she leaves Bobby‘s funeral. She tells Dusty it was a mistake for her to walk out and that she plans to go back. J.R. is not impressed with her return and his harsh rejection turns her, once again, to alcohol. Bobby’s will is read to the family and it is discovered that he left his share of Ewing Oil to Christopher, in Pam’s trust. J.R. can’t believe he may have to be in partnership with Pam, while Cliff wants nothing more than to arrange for Pam to sell the shares to him. While in a bar, a drunk Sue Ellen attracts a man who volunteers to take her home and then robs her of her Mercedes. The next morning, without her purse, identification, or any sense of herself, Sue Ellen wanders through an unfamiliar part of town. A bag lady offers her a drink, but Sue Ellen disdainfully rejects the offer. Mandy worries about the fact that J.R. is still a married man. Clayton and Ellie fear about Sue Ellen and go off to look for her. Sue Ellen returns to the bag lady she once shunned and now greedily shares her bottle of cheap wine.
1943"Those Eyes"Nick HavingaPeter DunneOctober 4, 1985 (1985-10-04)March 12, 198617410323.8/37[6]
Clayton and Miss Ellie intensify their search for Sue Ellen, who Ellie feels very strongly must be in trouble. J.R. tries to buy Christopher’s Ewing Oil shares while Jeremy Wendell of Weststar Oil works with Cliff to convince Pam to sell her Ewing Oil shares to them. Pam is truly torn between wanting to do the right thing for Christopher and wondering what Bobby would want her to do. Clayton and Ellie finally find Sue Ellen. She has been moved from the city drunk tank to a detoxification ward. Dusty comes to the detox ward and gives Sue Ellen some gentle assurance. J.R. arrives and he and Dusty exchange punches while Sue Ellen, traumatized, begins to scream and quake all over. Miss Ellie convinces J.R. to commit Sue Ellen to a sanitarium.
1954"Resurrection"Michael PreeceHollace White & Stephanie GarmanOctober 11, 1985 (1985-10-11)March 19, 198617410421.8/36[7]
Miss Ellie begins to wonder if she too should sell her shares of Ewing Oil to Weststar. Although she doesn’t want the family business to come to an end, she also does not want a repeat of the struggle for control that tore Bobby and J.R. apart after Jock’s death. Sue Ellen discovers that she has no choice but to join an alcoholics program at the clinic. Dusty bribes an attendant at the clinic Sue Ellen is in to let him see her. Clayton warns Dusty that his involvement with Sue Ellen is poorly timed, but Dusty seems very determined to make it work out this time. Sue Ellen is tempted when an attendant at the clinic offers her a drink, for a price. Although she is tempted, she ferociously rings for someone to come help her. Cliff continues to pressure Pam to sell to Wendell. Unable to deal with the business or the decisions she needs to make, Pam runs from the house and gets quite a shock when she runs into Mark Graison.
1965"Saving Grace"Nick HavingaJoel J. FeigenbaumOctober 18, 1985 (1985-10-18)March 26, 198617410522.3/36[8]
Pam is stunned at seeing Mark. Mark tells Pam that there's no cure for his blood disease, but he's in remission. He tells her that he staged his death in order to spare her and search for a cure. J.R. is annoyed when his private investigator doesn't find any dirt on Jack so he instructs the detective to investigate Wendell. Cliff gets two weeks to firm up Jack and Pam's commitments to sell Ewing Oil shares to Wendell. Sue Ellen gets a stark report on her future and she decides to commit totally to rehab. Mandy listens to a seductive message J.R. leaves on her phone, but tells herself she can't pick up where they left off. Cliff and Jamie are stunned when Pam stops by with Mark. Ray cautions Jack not to trust J.R.. Ellie asks Dusty to stay away from Sue Ellen until she's recovered. Sue Ellen vows to beat her addiction, even when she learns that J.R. refuses to help her. Jack is awakened by an intruder who steals his passport. Mark attacks J.R. after he discovers J.R. sent Pam on a wild goose chase looking for him, and vows to ruin Ewing Oil.
1976"Mothers"Michael PreeceHollace White & Stephanie GarmanOctober 25, 1985 (1985-10-25)April 2, 198617410622.7/37[9]
J.R. nominates Bobby for the man of the year award at the Oil Baron's Ball. Cliff learns of the break-in at Jack's and wonders what he has to hide. Dusty tells Clayton and Ellie that he's going to Cheyenne for his divorce hearing but plans to come back for Sue Ellen. Mark explains to Kenderson that he decided to reenter Pam's life because she was in trouble. He says he has been honest with her about his condition. Kenderson agrees to head a blood disease research center that Mark wants to found. Sue Ellen discusses her parents and J.R. with her therapist who wants her to concentrate on the future. Sue Ellen's mother arrives for a short stay at Southfork. Ellie tells Clayton that Patricia has never been anything but trouble for Sue Ellen and everybody else. Sue Ellen takes pleasure in helping a fellow patient. Mark agrees to meet with Wendell to discuss his offer. An unseen photographer takes pictures of Jenna and Jack and then Jack by himself. Ellie advises Ray to make his own decision about selling his shares. Jack tells Ray he's attracted to Jenna but Ray warns it will take her a while to get over Bobby. Ray also reminds Jack that their third option with the sale is to simply side with whatever Miss Ellie decides to do. Patricia tells Sue Ellen she plans to stay in Dallas to help Sue Ellen regain her life. J.R. finds out that Mandy moved out of her apartment. Pam explains to J.R. that she decided to take Wendell's offer because it seems the better long-term interest for Christopher. J.R. feels utterly defeated. Ellie tells Clayton she's decided to sell to Wendell. Ellie goes to Ewing Oil and hears J.R. talking aloud to Bobby. She's disturbed to hear him say he's taking John Ross and leaving Dallas.
1987"The Wind of Change"Corey AllenPeter DunneNovember 1, 1985 (1985-11-01)April 9, 198617410723.5/38[10]
Miss Ellie and Pam make their final decisions on the Weststar offer; Donna and Ray get bad news about her pregnancy; Sue Ellen continues to progress in her recovery; Jack woos Jenna further; Mandy shows up at the Oil Baron's Ball
1998"Quandary"Michael PreeceJoel J. FeigenbaumNovember 8, 1985 (1985-11-08)April 16, 198617410822.7/36[11]
Ray and Donna investigate options to deal with their baby's condition; Dusty claims he's staying in Dallas; J.R. immediately seeks to find a way to rid himself of Pam; Cliff wants Jamie back; Angelica Nero wines and dines the town's oilmen.
2009"Close Encounters"Corey AllenHollace White & Stephanie GarmanNovember 15, 1985 (1985-11-15)April 23, 198617410923.1/35[12]
Angelica attends a Southfork Rodeo; Sue Ellen's mother warns her away from Dusty; J.R. offers Jack a job at Ewing Oil. Donna is rushed to the hospital, with her and the baby's life at risk.
20110"Suffer the Little Children"Michael PreeceLeonard KatzmanNovember 22, 1985 (1985-11-22)April 30, 198617411022.0/33[13]
Cliff tries to repair his relationships with Jamie and Pam; Sue Ellen renews the custody battle with J.R., who's busy discovering Angelica's past.
20211"The Prize"Corey AllenHollace White & Stephanie GarmanNovember 29, 1985 (1985-11-29)May 7, 198617411121.4/34[14]
John Ross runs away as the custody fight comes to a close; Angelica tries to rush her deal with Ewing Oil, while J.R. continues to investigate her motives.
20312"En Passant"Michael PreecePeter Dunne & Joel J. FeigenbaumDecember 6, 1985 (1985-12-06)May 14, 198617411222.0/35[15]
J.R. appeals his loss of John Ross' custody; Donna and Ray deal with the loss of their baby in very different ways; J.R.'s kidnapped detective is used by Angelica and Nicholas to further the Marinos venture; Sue Ellen and her mother argue over her future.
20413"Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen"Linda DayWill LorinDecember 13, 1985 (1985-12-13)May 21, 198617411322.6/35[16]
J.R. hopes to trick Sue Ellen into giving up custody; Jenna breaks things off with Jack; Pam wants to vacation with Mark; Clayton makes a deal without Miss Ellie's knowledge.
20514"Curiosity Killed the Cat"Larry HagmanDeanne BarkleyDecember 20, 1985 (1985-12-20)May 28, 198617411421.1/35[17]
Clayton shields Miss Ellie from his financial pinch; Ray and Donna move into Southfork; Cliff tries to tell Mandy that J.R. doesn't care about her; Jack goes missing.
20615"The Missing Link"Linda DayBill TaubJanuary 3, 1986 (1986-01-03)June 11, 198617411521.9/33[18]
Pam seeks answers about the emerald from Matt Cantrell; Mandy double-crosses J.R.; Jack is still missing, and his presence is needed more than ever; Sue Ellen starts working.
20716"Twenty-Four Hours"Robert BeckerHollace White & Stephanie GarmanJanuary 10, 1986 (1986-01-10)June 25, 198617411622.1/34[19]
The search for Jack takes new urgency as Jamie lies near death; Donna starts working with those suffering from Down Syndrome; Angelica reveals why Jack is so important to her; Pam seeks a way to work with Mark.
20817"The Deadly Game"Larry HagmanBill TaubJanuary 17, 1986 (1986-01-17)July 2, 198617411723.2/36[20]
Jamie slowly recovers at the hospital; J.R. recruits Marilee Stone into the Marinos deal; Clayton's problems ease, not knowing Miss Ellie is the source; Pam arranges for a visit to Mark's Colombian emerald mine.
20918"Blame It on Bogota"Robert BeckerPeter DunneJanuary 24, 1986 (1986-01-24)July 9, 198617411822.0/34[21]
J.R. and Cantrell continue their plot to set up Pam; Angelica grows unhappy over the profit-sharing arrangement from the Marinos deal; Mark feels he and Pam may not have a future.
21019"Shadow Games"Roy Campanella IIJoel J. FeigenbaumJanuary 31, 1986 (1986-01-31)July 16, 198617411920.9/33[22]
Pam and Matt get to Colombia; Sue Ellen's newfound stability makes J.R. reevaluate her; Clayton finds out Miss Ellie bailed him out; Donna confides to Miss Ellie that her baby would've been born with mental retardation; Jenna becomes increasingly despondent over Bobby's death.
21120"Missing"Michael A. HoeyLeonard KatzmanFebruary 7, 1986 (1986-02-07)July 23, 198617412022.2/34[23]
J.R. and local authorities try to locate Pam, who has disappeared in Colombia; Jack succumbs to Grace's wiles; Mandy stops working for Cliff.
21221"Dire Straits"Bruce BilsonJoel J. Feigenbaum & Peter DunneFebruary 14, 1986 (1986-02-14)July 30, 198617412121.0/32[24]
Mark and Cliff work to secure Pam's release; Jenna sinks deeper into depression; Donna grows close to a child with mental retardation; J.R. thinks he understands Dimitri; Mandy confesses her treachery.
21322"Overture"Corey AllenHollace White & Stephanie GarmanFebruary 21, 1986 (1986-02-21)August 6, 198617412220.8/32[25]
J.R. shows an increasingly active interest in reconciling with Sue Ellen; Jenna begins to realize she can't deal with her grief over Bobby alone; Pam wants to explore the emerald mine; Ray takes interest in a deaf foster child named Tony.
21423"Sitting Ducks"Linda DaySusan HowardFebruary 28, 1986 (1986-02-28)August 13, 198617412320.6/34[26]
J.R. grows more suspicious of Angelica and the Marinos deal; Pam must defend her job at Ewing Oil; Lucy's wedding rattles Jenna; Ray continues to grow fond of an orphaned deaf boy.
21524"Masquerade"Larry HagmanLeonard KatzmanMarch 7, 1986 (1986-03-07)August 20, 198617412420.9/33[27]
J.R. and Jack are unaware of the danger they're in at the Martinique conference; Pam questions her role at Ewing Oil; Jenna nears a total mental breakdown.
21625"Just Desserts"Linda GrayPeter Dunne & Joel J. FeigenbaumMarch 14, 1986 (1986-03-14)August 27, 198617412519.9/31[28]
Angelica disappears in the aftermath of the assassination attempt; Jenna plans to leave Dallas; Ray talks to Donna about adopting; Pam makes a decision regarding her employment at Ewing Oil.
21726"Nothing's Ever Perfect"Bruce BilsonLeonard KatzmanMarch 21, 1986 (1986-03-21)September 3, 198617412619.4/32[29]
Having regained control of Ewing Oil, J.R. sets his sights firmly on Sue Ellen; Ray and Donna start adoption procedures; Angelica plots revenge; Jenna second-guesses leaving Southfork.
21827"J.R. Rising"Linda DayJoel J. Feigenbaum & Peter DunneApril 4, 1986 (1986-04-04)September 10, 198617412719.8/32[30]
J.R. tries to get a bigger piece of the Marinos deal; Ray's manslaughter conviction hampers the adoption proceedings; Matt makes an emerald strike; Angelica comes back to the United States.
21928"Serendipity"Bruce BilsonLeonard KatzmanApril 11, 1986 (1986-04-11)September 17, 198617412820.0/33[31]
Cliff thinks J.R.'s set up he and the cartel for failure in the Marinos deal; Donna and Ray work on Tony's reluctance to be adopted; Jamie fears a new Barnes/Ewing feud is brewing; Angelica makes a beeline for Dallas.
22029"Thrice in a Lifetime"Jerry JamesonJoel J. Feigenbaum & Peter DunneMay 2, 1986 (1986-05-02)September 24, 198617412919.7/34[32]
The cartel is ready to join Cliff to battle J.R.; Pam and Mark make wedding preparations; Angelica moves forward with her revenge scheme; the Krebbs meet more obstacles in their quest to adopt Tony.
22130"Hello, Goodbye, Hello"Nick HavingaLeonard KatzmanMay 9, 1986 (1986-05-09)October 1, 198617413018.6/32[33]
New ranch hand Ben Stivers prompts suspicion from Clayton and Punk; J.R. gets valuable information against Mark Graison, but finds Ewing Oil in danger; Ray and Donna get a hearing in their adoption case; Angelica gets closer to her revenge.
22231"Blast From the Past"Michael PreeceJoel J. Feigenbaum & Peter DunneMay 16, 1986 (1986-05-16)October 8, 198617413124.9/42[35]

J.R. pledges himself anew to Sue Ellen; Angelica brings her revenge plot to fruition; Ray and Donna learn if they'll be allowed to adopt Tony; Pam and Mark are married, but she awakens to a surprise in her shower.

Note – All events in these season 9 episodes, plus the events of the latter part of the season 8 finale, are a dream by Pam, so thus all the events in this season are not canon to all the previous ones in the Dallas universe. This episode also carries the strange and obvious credit “Starring Patrick Duffy as...” (with the space under where his character name might have been seen left blank for purposes of the cliffhanger). For its twist, the episode was ranked as #4 as part of the "Top 100 Most Unexpected Moments in TV History" by TV Guide and TV Land.[34]

References

  1. ^ Keveney, Bill. "'Dallas' turns 40: Counting 40 ways to celebrate, from 'Who Shot J.R.?' to the dream season", USA Today. March 29, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
  2. ^ Goldlion, David Massey -. "Dallas TV series Dream season official dallas website". Archived from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  3. ^ "TNT Pokes Fun At Dallas's Lost Dream Year - Takes On Tech".
  4. ^ "Dallas - The Complete 9th Season DVD Information - TVShowsOnDVD.com". Archived from the original on September 15, 2011.
  5. ^ a b "The TV Rate Race". The Hollywood Reporter. Vol. 288, no. 48. October 2, 1985. p. 18. ProQuest 2594614569.
  6. ^ "The TV Rate Race". The Hollywood Reporter. Vol. 289, no. 3. October 9, 1985. p. 22. ProQuest 2594603324.
  7. ^ "CBS breaks into the win column as NBC's baseball falters". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 17. October 21, 1985. p. 74. ProQuest 1014714882.
  8. ^ "NBC makes it three out of four". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 18. October 28, 1985. p. 104. ProQuest 1014725795.
  9. ^ "World Series gives ABC week's ratings edge". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 19. November 4, 1985. p. 42. ProQuest 1014715626.
  10. ^ "NBC takes week six as sweeps begin". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 20. November 11, 1985. p. 56. ProQuest 1014708767.
  11. ^ "ABC leads sweeps with strong showing in seventh week". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 21. November 18, 1985. p. 88. ProQuest 1014718278.
  12. ^ "Movies, Thursday and Saturday schedules give NBC week eight". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 22. November 25, 1985. p. 42. ProQuest 1014708269.
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  15. ^ "NBC continues winning ways". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 25. December 16, 1985. p. 88. ProQuest 1014721078.
  16. ^ "NBC takes another Wednesday as it posts eighth weekly win". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 26. December 23, 1985. p. 61. ProQuest 1014718357.
  17. ^ "NBC goes nine for 13". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 27. December 30, 1985. p. 80. ProQuest 1014722791.
  18. ^ "Return of Stacey Keach helps CBS to third ratings victory". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 2. January 13, 1986. p. 180. ProQuest 1014714725.
  19. ^ "CBS wins second week in a row by a nose". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 3. January 20, 1986. p. 214. ProQuest 1014710358.
  20. ^ "Sixth Cosby record this season gives NBC another win". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 4. January 27, 1986. p. 74. ProQuest 1016911509.
  21. ^ "Bears also win for NBC". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 5. February 3, 1986. p. 50. ProQuest 1016916917.
  22. ^ "ABC starts fast but finishes last". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 6. February 10, 1986. p. 56. ProQuest 1016909677.
  23. ^ ""Sins" wins for CBS; NBC leads sweeps". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 7. February 17, 1986. p. 53. ProQuest 1016909361.
  24. ^ "NBC's best Thursday gives it another weekly win". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 8. February 24, 1986. p. 46. ProQuest 1016909425.
  25. ^ "NBC's regular schedule powers it to another win". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 9. March 3, 1986. p. 70. ProQuest 1016909221.
  26. ^ "NBC edges CBS thanks to 'Cosby' and Klugman". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 10. March 10, 1986. p. 92. ProQuest 1014715684.
  27. ^ "NBC breezes to another ratings victory". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 11. March 17, 1986. p. 86. ProQuest 1016912979.
  28. ^ "Reruns help power NBC to win number 18". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 12. March 24, 1986. p. 91. ProQuest 1014726491.
  29. ^ "CBS and NBC tie in ratings". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 13. March 31, 1986. p. 58. ProQuest 1285749976.
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  31. ^ "It's all NBC in the prime time ratings". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 16. April 21, 1986. p. 94. ProQuest 1014721898.
  32. ^ "NBC returns to winning form". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 19. May 12, 1986. p. 50. ProQuest 1016906834.
  33. ^ "'North and South' wins war for ABC". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 20. May 19, 1986. p. 73. ProQuest 1014722857.
  34. ^ "TV Guide and TV Land Join Forces To Count Down The 100 Most Unexpected TV Moments". PR Newswire. December 1, 2005. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  35. ^ "NBC flies highest despite slightly clipped 'Wings'". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 21. May 26, 1986. p. 57. ProQuest 1016922364.

General references[edit]

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