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Das Kapital, Volume III
Capital book cover
Author	Karl Marx
Language	German

Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Volume III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole (German: Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie Dritter Band. Buch III: Der Gesammtprocess Der Kapitalistischen Produktion) is the third volume of Capital: Critique of Political Economy. It was prepared by Friedrich Engels from notes left by Karl Marx and published in 1894.

The conversion of Surplus Value into Profit and the rate of Surplus Value into the rate of Profit
Conversion of Profit into Average Profit
The Law of the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall
Conversion of Commodity Capital and Money Capital into Commercial Capital and Money-Dealing Capital (Merchant's Capital)
Division of Profit Into Interest and Profit of Enterprise, Interest Bearing Capital.
Transformation of Surplus-Profit into Ground Rent.
Revenues and Their Sources

The work is best known today for Part 3 which in summary says that as the organic fixed capital requirements of production rise as a result of advancements in production generally, the rate of profit tends to fall. This result which orthodox Marxists believe is a principal contradictory characteristic leading to an inevitable collapse of the capitalist order^[2] was held by Marx and Engels to—as a result of various contradictions in the capitalist mode of production—result in crises whose resolution necessitates the emergence of an entirely new mode of production as the culmination of the same historical dialectic that led to the emergence of capitalism from prior forms.^[3]

Volume 3 is subtitled "The process of capitalist production as a whole" and is concerned primarily with the internal differentiation of the capitalist class. The first three parts are concerned with the division of surplus value amongst individual capitals, where it takes the form of profit. The following parts are concerned with merchants' capital, interest-bearing capital and landed capital. The last part draws the whole account together. The aim of the volume as a whole is to locate and describe the concrete forms which grow out of the movements of capital as a whole. Thus, the various forms of capital approach step by step the form which they assume on the surface of society in the action of different capitals on one another in competition and in the ordinary consciousness of the agents of production themselves (25) (Clarke).^{[citation needed]}

In volume 3 (as in his earlier text The German Ideology), Marx discusses how primitive accumulation alienates humans from nature.^[4]^: 14

In volume 3, Marx also describes capitalism as producing an "irreparable rift in the interdependent" connection of humans and nature.^[4]^: 14

References

^ Engels, Friedrich (1967). Capital, Volume III. International Publishers Co, Inc. ISBN 0-7178-0490-9.
^ Chapther XV, Exposition of the Internal Contradictions of the Law, § IV Supplementary Remarks. Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute. Moscow translation. p 263. "At any rate, it is but a requirement of the capitalist mode of production that the number of wage-workers should increase absolutely, in spite of its relative decrease. Labour-power becomes redundant for it as soon as it is no longer necessary to employ it for 12 to 15 hours a daily. A development of productive forces which would diminish the absolute number of labourers, i.e. enable the entire nation to accomplish its total production in a shorter time span, would cause a revolution, because it would put the bulk of the population out of the running. This is another manifestation of the specific barrier of capitalist production, showing also that capitalist production is by no means an absolute form for the development of the productive forces and for the creation of wealth, but rather that at a certain point it comes into collision with this development. This collision appears partly in its periodical crises, which arise from the circumstances that now this and now that portion of the labouring population becomes redundant under its old mode of employment. The limit of capitalist production is the excess time of the labourers. The absolute spare time gained by society does not concern it. The development of productivity concerns it only in so far as it increases the surplus labour-time of the working class, not because it decreases the labour time for material production in general. It moves thus in a contradiction". The reference to hours worked per day reflects full employment norms of the 19th century.
^ Chapter XV, Exposition of the Internal Contradictions of the Law, § IV Supplementary Remarks. p. 264 ¶ 2. Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute. Moscow translation. "This transformation stems from the development of the productive forces under capitalist production, and from the ways and means by which this development takes place".
^ ^a ^b Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-1-4780-1121-7.