You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 3.236.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 06:21, 30 September 2026.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 05:35, 21 February 2024
- Expiry of block: 05:35, 21 February 2029
Your current IP address is 3.236.31.135. The blocked range is 3.236.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Intentional misrepresentation of research results))
((Multiple issues|
((context|date=October 2017))
((More citations needed|date=January 2007))
))

In [[science|scientific]] inquiry and [[academia|academic]] research, '''data fabrication''' is the intentional misrepresentation of research results. As with other forms of [[scientific misconduct]], it is the intent to deceive that marks fabrication as unethical, and thus different from scientists [[pathological science|deceiving themselves]]. There are many ways data can be fabricated. Experimental data can be fabricated by reporting experiments that were never conducted, and accurate data can be manipulated or misrepresented to suit a desired outcome. One of the biggest problems with this form of scientific fraud is that "university investigations into research misconduct are often inadequate, opaque and poorly conducted. They challenge the idea that institutions can police themselves on research integrity."<ref>((Cite journal|last=Else|first=Holly|date=2019-06-18|title=What universities can learn from one of science's biggest frauds|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=570|issue=7761|pages=287–288|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01884-2|pmid=31213697 |bibcode=2019Natur.570..287E |doi-access=free))</ref>

Sometimes intentional fabrication can be difficult to distinguish from unintentional academic incompetence or malpractice. Examples of this include the failure to account for measurement error, or the failure to adequately control experiments for any parameters being measured.

Fabrication can also occur in the context of undergraduate or graduate studies wherein a student fabricates a laboratory or homework assignment. Such [[cheating]], when discovered, is usually handled within the institution, and does not become a scandal within the larger academic community (as cheating by students seldom has any academic significance).

== Consequences ==
A finding that a scientist engaged in fabrication will often mean the end to their career as a researcher. Scientific misconduct is grounds for dismissal of [[tenure]]d faculty, as well as for forfeiture of research grants. Given the tight-knit nature of many academic communities, and the high stakes involved, researchers who are found to have committed fabrication are often effectively (and permanently) [[blacklist]]ed from the profession, with reputable research organizations and universities refusing to hire them; funding sources refusing to sponsor them or their work, and journals refusing to consider any of their articles for publication. In some cases, however, especially if the researcher is senior and well-established, the academic community can close ranks to prevent injury to the scientist's career.<ref>((cite journal|last=Wilmshurst |first=Peter |title=Dishonesty in Medical Research |journal=The Medico-Legal Journal |year=2007 |volume=75 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=3–12 |doi=10.1258/rsmmlj.75.1.3 |pmid=17506338 |s2cid=26915448 |url=http://www.medico-legalsociety.org.uk/articles/dishonesty_in_medical_research.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521050439/http://www.medico-legalsociety.org.uk/articles/dishonesty_in_medical_research.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-21 ))</ref>

Fabricators may also have previously earned academic credentials removed. Two cases:
* In 2004, [[Jan Hendrik Schön]] was stripped of his doctorate degree by the [[University of Konstanz]] after a committee formed by [[Bell Labs]] found him guilty of fabrication related to research done during his employment there. This action was undertaken even though Schön was not accused (in the matter in question) of any fabrication or other misconduct relating to his work which led to or supported the degree—the doctorate was revoked, according to University officials, solely due to Schön behaving "unworthily" in the Bell Labs affair.
* In 2001, peer reviewers at the academic journal [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/nutrition Nutrition] raised suspicions about a publication draft submitted by [[Ranjit Chandra|Dr. Ranjit Chandra]], a world-renowned Canadian nutrition researcher at Memorial University of Newfoundland. It was confirmed through investigation that Dr. Chandra had published the results of a series of studies, stretching over more than a decade, which reported claims based on incorrectly represented analysis of, in some cases, non-existent data.<ref>((cite web|last=O'Neill-Yates |first=Chris |title=The Secret Life of Ranjit Chandra |url=http://www.infactcanada.ca/Chandra_Jan30_2006.htm ))</ref> By that time, Dr. Chandra had already been invited to the [[Order of Canada]], which was subsequently revoked in 2015. Dr. Chandra retired in 2002, and Memorial University established the Marilyn Harvey Award to Recognize the Importance of Research Ethics<ref>((cite web|title=Marilyn Harvey Award to Recognize the Importance of Research Ethics |url=https://www.mun.ca/honours/awards/internal/mha/))</ref> in honour of the nurse researcher who first raised the alarm about Dr. Chandra's findings in the early 1990s.<ref>((cite web|title=Did nothing to harm Chandra researcher's reputation: MUN |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/did-nothing-to-harm-chandra-researcher-s-reputation-mun-1.633358 ))</ref>

Not all alleged fraud is found to be so, and debates are part of the scientific community. An interesting case is the accusation against Dr. [[Margaret Mead]], a world-renowned anthropologist who published field work conducted early in her life, which proclaimed that Samoan culture was more relaxed and harmonious about sexual relations and mores. Her truthfulness and research process were roundly criticized by a later researcher in Samoa, Dr. [[Derek Freeman]]. More recently, Dr. Freeman's own research quality has come under scrutiny, with a hint that perhaps his own views on sexuality and his research with Elders in Samoa led him to reject Dr. Mead's findings. Dr. Freeman's allegations harmed Dr. Mead's reputation at a time when few women were scientists<ref>((cite web |last=Horgan |first=John |title=Margaret Mead's bashers owe her an apology |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/margaret-meads-bashers-owe-her-an-apology/))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cyril Burt]]
* [[Junk science]]
* [[Research paper mill]]
* [[Retractions in academic publishing|Retraction]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* Lewis-Kraus, Gideon, "Big Little Lies: [[Dan Ariely]] and [[Francesca Gino]] got famous studying [[dishonesty]]. Did they fabricate some of their work?", ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 9 October 2023, pp. 40-53.

((Disinformation))

[[Category:Scientific misconduct]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Data fabrication (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Context (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Disinformation (edit)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Misinformation (edit)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox with collapsible groups (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox with collapsible groups (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Data fabrication.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_fabrication"