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((redirect|David III|other people|David III (disambiguation)))
<noinclude>((User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=David III|2=Talk:David III of Tao#Requested move 9 February 2024))
</noinclude>((Infobox royalty
| name         = David III the Great<br/>დავით III დიდი
| image        = Oshki (photo by Scott Dexter, June 23, 2012 ) (7993420831).jpg
| image_size   = 255px
| caption      = David III the Great as depicted on a bas-relief from the [[Oshki Monastery]]. It was David’s use of Byzantine imagery that influenced the appearance of royal power of Georgia in the following two centuries.<ref>Eastmond, Anthony. (1998) ''Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia'', Penn State Press (US), ((ISBN|0-271-01628-0)), p. 39.</ref>
| succession   = Prince of [[Tao-Klarjeti]]
| succession1  = [[Curopalates]] of [[Kingdom of the Iberians|Kingdom of Iberia]]
| moretext     = ([[Style of the Georgian sovereign|more...]])
| reign        = 966–1000/1001
| reign1       = 978–1000/1001
| predecessor  = [[Bagrat II of Tao|Bagrat II]]
| successor1   = [[Bagrat III of Georgia|Bagrat III]]
| coronation   = 
| spouse       = 
| issue        = [[Bagrat III of Georgia|Bagrat III]] (adopted)
| house        = [[Bagrationi dynasty]]
| house-type   = Dynasty
| royal anthem = 
| father       = [[Adarnase V of Tao|Adarnase V]]
| mother       = 
| birth_date   = 930s
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 1001
| death_place  = [[Tao-Klarjeti]]
| place of burial = 
| religion     = [[Georgian Orthodox Church]]|
))
'''David III Kuropalates''' (((Lang-ka|დავით III კურაპალატი)), ''Davit’ III Kurapalati'') or '''David III the Great''' (დავით III დიდი, ''Davit’ III Didi''), also known as David II, (c. 930s – 1000/1001) was a [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] prince of the [[Bagrationi|Bagratid]] family of [[Tao-Klarjeti|Tao]], a historic region in the Georgian–[[Armenia]]n marchlands, from 966 until his murder in 1000 or 1001. ''[[Curopalates|Kuropalates]]'' was a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy|courtier title]] bestowed upon him in 978 and again in 990.

David is best known for his crucial assistance to the Byzantine [[Macedonian dynasty]] in the 976–9 civil war and his unique role in the political [[Unification of the Georgian realm|unification of various Georgian polities]] as well as his patronage of [[Christianity|Christian]] culture and learning. Between 987 and 989, David joined his friend [[Bardas Phokas the Younger|Bardas Phocas]] in a revolt against the [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Basil II]], but was defeated and agreed to cede his lands to the empire on his death. Yet he was able to secure for his heir, [[Bagrat III of Georgia|Bagrat III]], an opportunity to become the first ruler of a unified Georgian kingdom.

==History==
David was the younger son of [[Adarnase V of Tao|Adarnase V]], a representative of the Second House of Tao, a branch of the [[Kartli]] line of the Georgian [[Georgian Bagratids|Bagrationi (Bagratid) dynasty]] which held sway over Tao (a province on the historic Georgian-Armenian border known to the Armenians as Tayk; now part of [[Turkey]]) since the extinction of the original Tao line in the 940s.((Citation needed|date=January 2021))

===Alliance with the Byzantine Empire===
He succeeded his brother, [[Bagrat II of Tao|Bagrat II]], as a duke of Tao in 966, and through his expansionist policy and flexible diplomacy began assembling a larger state. In order to enact his ambitious plans, David had to secure his independence from the [[Byzantine Empire]], which would reach its greatest height under the emperor [[Basil II]] (r. 976–1025).

The Byzantines' eastern neighbors &ndash; the fragmented Armenian and Georgian principalities – rarely threatened the empire directly, but were of particular interest to [[Constantinople]] as they controlled strategic international trade routes that ran through their domains.<ref>((cite encyclopedia | author=Holmes, Catherine| year=2003 | title=Basil II (A.D. 976-1025) | encyclopedia=An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors | url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/basilii.htm | access-date=2006-06-16))</ref> The Byzantines had already annexed the Armenian principalities of [[Taron (historic Armenia)|Taron]] (966) and [[Manzikert]] (968) and posed a potential danger to the constellation of several Georgian Bagratid principalities known as [[Tao-Klarjeti]].<ref name="Suny">Suny, RG (1994), ''The Making of the Georgian Nation'', Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, ((ISBN|0-253-20915-3)), p. 32</ref> However, the integrity of the empire itself was under serious threat after a full-scale rebellion, led by [[Bardas Skleros]], broke out in 976. Following a series of successful battles the rebels swept across [[Asia Minor]] and threatened Constantinople itself. In the urgency of a situation, the young emperor Basil requested aid from David of Tao, who promptly responded and sent 12,000 first-rate cavalry troops under the command of [[Tornikios]] to reinforce the recently defeated loyal Byzantine general [[Bardas Phokas the Younger|Bardas Phokas]], thereby contributing to the decisive loyalist victory at the [[Battle of Pankalia]] near [[Caesarea Mazaca|Caesarea]] on 24 March 979.<ref>Reuter, T (editor) (1999), ''The New Cambridge Medieval History'', Cambridge University Press (UK) ((ISBN|0-521-36447-7)), p. 596</ref>

David's reward was the lifetime rule of key imperial territories in eastern Asia Minor, known to the contemporary Georgian sources as the "Upper Lands of [[Greece]]" (ზემონი ქუეყანანი საბერძნეთისანი), consisting chiefly of northwestern Armenian lands: the city of Theodosiopolis or Karin (Geo. Karnu-kalaki, present-day [[Erzurum]], Turkey), [[Basiani|Phasiane]], Hark (now [[Muş Province]]), [[Apahunik]], [[Mardali]] (Mardaghi), [[Khaldoyarich]], and [[Chormayri]]. On this occasion, he was granted the high Byzantine court title of ''[[kouropalates]]''. Basil II also rewarded the valor of David's commander Tornikios by funding a [[Georgian Orthodox]] monastery on [[Mount Athos]]. Although populated now chiefly with Greek monks, it is to this day known as [[Iviron monastery|Iviron]], "of the [[Caucasian Iberia|Iberians]] (i.e. [[Georgian people|Georgians]])".

These formidable acquisitions made David the most influential ruler in the [[Caucasus]], enabling him to interfere in and arbitrate dynastic disputes in both Georgia and Armenia.<ref name="Suny"/> The medieval Georgian authors call him "greatest of all the kings of Tao"<ref>“King” (Geo. ''mep'e'') is not used here in a literary sense as beginning with 888, the title of King of the Georgians was hereditary in another, the Kartli line of the [[Bagrationi dynasty]]. At that time, it was [[Bagrat II of Georgia|Bagrat II the Simple]] (958-994), succeeded by [[Gurgen of Georgia|Gurgen]] (994-1008), who held the royal title.</ref> and the eleventh-century Armenian chronicler [[Aristakes Lastivertsi]] describes him as:

((quotation|a mighty man, a builder of the world, very honorable, a lover of the poor, indeed, the definition of peace. For in his day it was as the prophecy states: everyone reposed under his vine and his fig tree.<ref name="Lastivertc’i">((cite web | title=The History of Vardapet Aristakes Lastivertc'i | work=Armenian Historical Sources of the 5-15th Centuries | url=http://rbedrosian.com/a1.htm | access-date=2006-06-16))</ref>))

Being in control of highly important commercial centers, his principality profited from taxing the major trading routes running through southwestern Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. David invested these revenues in extensive building projects: constructing towns, forts and churches, and promoting Georgian monastic communities and cultural activities both in Georgia and abroad.

===Issue of succession===
Having no children of his own, David adopted his kinsman, the young prince [[Bagrat III of Georgia|Bagrat]], heir to the Bagratid throne of Kartli (Iberia). He did so at the request of the energetic Georgian nobleman Iovane Marushis-dze. Through his fortunate bloodlines Bagrat was destined to sit upon two thrones. Furthermore, through his mother Gurandukht, sister of the childless Abkhazian king [[Theodosius III of Abkhazia|Theodosius III]], Bagrat was a potential heir to the realm of Abkhazia. Making a plan for the creation of an all-Georgian state, David occupied Kartli for his foster-son in 976 and repulsed the troops from the easternmost Georgian [[Kingdom of Kakheti]], which had recently occupied the western sector of Kartli with its rock-hewn city of [[Uplistsikhe]]. Two years later, in 978, David and Marushis-dze secured the crown of Abkhazia for Bagrat by displacing Theodosius III.
[[Image:David III cross, Georgia.JPG|thumb|100px|A processional cross of David of Tao by the goldsmith Asat]]
David's good fortunes changed in 987 when he, anxious to make his extensive possessions a hereditary Bagratid domain, joined his long-time friend Bardas Phokas in a rebellion against the emperor Basil. Once the rebels were defeated by the Byzantine-[[Rus' (people)|Rus']] forces in 989, Basil dispatched a strong force under John of Chaldea to punish the Georgians, and David had to submit. Reconciled with the emperor, he was granted, in c. 990, the title of kuropalates again in return for his promise that upon his death the lands previously placed under his sovereignty would revert to the Byzantine Empire.

Another problem arose around the same year, when Bagrat of Abkhazia planned a [[punitive expedition]] against the non-submissive duke Rati of [[Kldekari (duchy)|Kldekari]] in [[Lower Kartli]]. Persuaded that his foster-son intended to attack Tao and kill him, David crushed the army led by Bagrat's natural father [[Gurgen of Kartli|Gurgen]] on its march to Kldekari. As a medieval Georgian chronicler relates:
((Quotation|Bagrat then went [to David] alone, fell at his feet and swore that he was going against Rati. [David] believed that too and released him in peace.<ref>((cite web | title=Armenian adaptation of the Georgian Chronicle | work=Armenian Historical Sources of the 5-15th Centuries | url=http://rbedrosian.com/gc6.htm | access-date=2006-06-16))</ref>))

===David III's campaigns against the Muslims===
After the reconciliation with the emperor and his kinsmen, David led a series of successful raids against the Muslim [[emirate]]s of [[Lake Van]] and [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] and against the [[Emirate of Tbilisi]]. [[Bagrat II of Georgia]] (grandfather of Bagrat, David's adoptee), and [[Gagik I of Armenia]] allied themselves with David, who recaptured [[Malazgirt|Manzikert]] from the [[Marwanid]] emir of [[Diyar Bakr]] about 993 and raided [[Akhlat]], another important stronghold of this [[Kurds|Kurdish]] dynasty, in 997. Mamlan, the [[Rawadid]] emir of [[Azarbaijan]], was also twice defeated, the second time decisively, in 998, near [[Erciş|Archesh]].<ref>Canard, M. Armenia in The [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] [http://www.encislam.brill.nl/data/EncIslam/C4/COM-0064.html Online Demo Version]((Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes )).</ref>

===Death===
David was murdered by his nobles early in 1000 or 1001. According to Aristakes:

((Quotation|They had mixed poison into the communion on Good Thursday, and had given it to him [Dawit'] to drink, causing that venerable man to choke to death. [This was] because they had wearied of him, and were interested in promises [made to them] earlier by the emperor.<ref name="Lastivertc’i"/>))

Although the ''[[Georgian Chronicles]]'' maintain that David died in 1001, several Armenian and Muslim accounts suggest he may have died in 1000. Aristakes gives the date of David's death as March 28, 1001, which is closely corroborated by another Armenian chronicler [[Stepanos Asoghik|Asoghik]] who says David died on the [[Easter]] day of the year 449 of the [[Armenian calendar]], i.e., March 31, 1001. Yet another Armenian, [[Samuel Anetsi]], also puts the date as 1001.<ref>((in lang|ru)) [[Karen Yuzbashyan|Yuzbashyan, Karen]] (ed. 1968). ''Повествование вардапета Аристакэса Ластиверци'' (''The History of Vardapet Aristakes Lastivertc'i''), [http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus2/Aristakes/frametext1.htm Комментарии (''Commentaries'')]. Online version: Тhietmar. 2002. Retrieved on March 24, 2009</ref>

===Wars of the Kuropalates’ succession===
((Main|Byzantine-Georgian wars))
[[File:David III of Tao.jpg|thumb|David as depicted on a bas-relief from the [[Oshki]] cathedral.]]
Basil II was at that time in the eastern provinces of his empire, wintering on the plain of [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]] following his campaign against the [[Fatimid]] dynasty in [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]]. On hearing of David's death he marched north-eastward to claim the lands David had promised to the emperor. The local Georgian and Armenian nobility submitted without any serious resistance. The only notable incident occurred when a quarrel between a Georgian soldier and a [[Varangian Guard]]sman over a bale of hay developed into a major fight, involving 6,000 Varangians and taking the lives of thirty Georgian high-ranking nobles.

King Bagrat, David's foster-son, met with Basil but, unable to prevent the annexation of David's realm, had to recognize the new borders in reward of the imperial title of ''kouropalates''. Despite this setback, Bagrat was able to become the first king of an all-Georgian unified monarchy,<ref>((cite encyclopedia | title=David of Tao. | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica Concise Encyclopedia]] | url=http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9362318/David-of-Tao | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708192735/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9362318/David-of-Tao | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-07-08 | access-date=2006-06-16 ))</ref> a result made possible largely by the efforts of David of Tao, who, as the modern scholar Stephen Rapp puts in, "appropriately ranks high on any 'Top Ten' list of Georgian history."<ref>Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), ''Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts'', Peeters Bvba ((ISBN|90-429-1318-5)), p. 415</ref>

There is some disagreement among modern scholars on whether David ceded to the Byzantines only those lands which had been granted to him as a reward for his assistance against the rebel Bardas Skleros, or if it had been the whole of his principality that was acquired by Basil II. As the former was endowed upon David for lifetime stewardship, it would be more reasonable to assume that he conceded his entire realm, i.e., Thither Tao/Tayk and the adjacent Armenian counties up to Lake Van. Whatever the extent of David's domain, the Georgian kings would not so easily reconcile with the loss of those territories, leading to a series of conflicts with the Byzantine Empire in the eleventh century.<ref>((in lang|fr)) [[Zurab Avalishvili|Avalichvili, Z.]] (1933), "La succession da curopalate David d'Iberie, dynaste de Tao". ''Byzantion'' VIII; 1: 199</ref>

== References ==
((reflist))
((Commons category|David III of Tao))
((S-start))
((S-bef|rows=1|before=Adarnase))
((S-ttl|rows=1|title=[[Tao-Klarjeti|Prince of Tao]]|years=966–1000/1001))
((S-aft|rows=1|after=Byzantine takeover))
((S-bef|rows=1|before= - ))
((S-ttl|rows=1|title=Kuropalates of [[Kingdom of the Iberians|Iberia]]|years=978–1000/1001))
((S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Bagrat III of Georgia|Bagrat III]]))
((S-end))

[[Category:930s births]]
[[Category:1000s deaths]]
[[Category:Bagrationi dynasty of Tao]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:Grand dukes of Tao]]
[[Category:10th-century monarchs in the Middle East]]
[[Category:10th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:Deaths by poisoning]]
[[Category:Kouropalatai]]

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