Dawit I
ዳዊት
Emperor of Ethiopia
Reign1382 – 6 October 1413
PredecessorNewaya Maryam
SuccessorTewodros I
SpouseSeyon Mangasha[1]
'Egzi'e Kebra[1]
IssueTewodros I
Yeshaq I
Takla Maryam
Zara Yaqob
DynastyHouse of Solomon
FatherNewaya Krestos
MotherLazzab Warqa
ReligionEthiopian Orthodox
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (March 2022)

Dawit I[2] (Ge'ez: ዳዊት) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1382 to 6 October 1413,[3] and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the younger son of Newaya Krestos.

Reign

Early in his reign, around 1380, Dawit campaigned against Egypt, reaching as far north as Aswan. He initiated this campaign in an attempt to assist the Coptic Christians of Upper Egypt who he thought were being oppressed under Muslim rule and he felt he had the duty to protect them as he saw himself as the protector of Orthodox Christianity in East Africa. In response, the Emir forced the Patriarch of Alexandria, Matthew I, to send a deputation to Dawit to persuade him to retire back to his kingdom. "There seems to be little or no doubt that, on the eve of the advent of the Burji dynasty of Mamluk Egypt, King Dawit had in fact led his troops beyond the northern frontiers of his kingdom, and created much havoc among the Muslim inhabitants of the area who had been within the sphere of influence of Egypt since the thirteenth century."[4] The Emperor apparently had a much friendlier relationship with the Sultan's successor, for according to the medieval historian al-Maqrizi, Dawit sent 22 camels laden with gifts to Berkuk, the first Sultan of the Burji dynasty.[5]

He confronted the problem of raids from the Muslim kingdoms on his eastern border with numerous counterattacks on those kingdoms. According to al-Maqrizi, in 1403 Emperor Dawit pursued the Sultan of Ifat, Sa'ad ad-Din II, to Zeila, where he killed Sa'ad ad-Din and sacked the city. However, another contemporary source dates the death of Sa'ad ad-Din to 1415, and gives the credit to Emperor Yeshaq.[6]

Dawit sent an embassy to Europe, which had reached Venice by 23 June 1402, requesting that a number of artisans are sent to his domain.[7] Carlo Conti Rossini assembled the surviving documents concerning this visit in 1927, which record that five artisans departed with the Ethiopian envoy that August, but not if they arrived in Ethiopia. However, Marilyn E. Heldman found evidence of a "silver-gilt chalice" made in Venice, which, if it was the one Francisco Álvares described as seeing in Ethiopia, did reach Dawit.[8] Another possible sign of their arrival is an itinerary of a journey from Venice by Rhodes, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Cairo and Axum to the court of Preste John in Shewa. which O. G. S. Crawford dates to Dawit's reign. Crawford considers this document the "first unambiguous account of Abyssinian geography which has survived; it certainly refers to the journey of a European, and the route followed can be identified pretty accurately."[9]

A noted horseman, Dawit was killed when he was kicked in the head by one of his horses.[10] His body was interred in the monastery of St. Stephen on Daga Island in Lake Tana.[11]

His reign came to an end when troops of the Adal Empire led by Mansur ad-Din of Adal launched an expedition against an Ethiopian Christian monarch, where he was captured and killed at the Battle of Yedaya.[12][13]

His death however presumed to be an event of major importance, is not recorded by the Ethiopian Chronicles. The Ethiopian historian Taddesse Tamrat argues it's because the Ethiopian royal chronicles often deliberately attempted to suppress the violent deaths of the kings whose reigns they extol.[13]

Other events

The Emperor Dawit was an enthusiastic Christian. He dealt with a revolt of the Beta Israel in Gonder, and encouraged missionary work in Gojjam. Early in his reign, he led a campaign against Upper Egypt after hearing stories that the native Orthodox Copts were being mistreated under Muslim rule. During this campaign, his troops reached as far north as Aswan until they were forced to retreat back to their kingdom after the Sultan of Egypt made peace with Dawit. According to E. A. Wallis Budge, during Dawit's reign, a piece of the True Cross arrived in Ethiopia.[14] He also made endowments to the Ethiopian Church: three charters survive of grants he made of lands in Wolqayt, Serae, Adiyabo, Shire, Addi Arkay, northern Semien, the Gar'alta, Manbarta, and Karnesem which lies north of present-day Asmara.[15]

During Dawit's time atop the throne, two surviving examples of illustrated manuscripts were produced. One is a translation of the Miracles of Mary, which had been written in Arabic, done at the command of Emperor Dawit. This is the oldest surviving illustrated book commissioned by an Ethiopian Emperor.[16] The other, described as "one of the most beautiful illustrated books of the period", is a copy of the gospels, which is now preserved at the monastery of Saint Gabriel on Kebran Island in southern Lake Tana.[17]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume 1). London: Methuen & Co. p. 301.
  2. ^ In Ethiopian sources he is referred to as Dawit II (and all subsequent Dawits are numerated accordingly), as Dawit I is used to refer only to King David of Judah.
  3. ^ Kaplan, Stephen (2002). "Notes Towards a History of Aṣe Dawit I (1382-1413)". Aethiopica. 5: 74. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  4. ^ Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 255
  5. ^ E. A. Wallis Budge, A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, 1928 (Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications, 1970), p. 301.
  6. ^ J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (London: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 74 and note explains the discrepancy in the sources; some historians pick one of the two possible dates (e.g. Paul Henze selects 1403 in Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia [New York: Palgrave, 2000], p. 67) without even mentioning the problem.)
  7. ^ Salvadore, Matteo (January 2017). "The African Prester John and the Birth of Ethiopian-European Relations (Introduction)". ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Heldman, "A Chalice from Venice for Emperor Dāwit of Ethiopia", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 53 (1990), pp. 442-445
  9. ^ Crawford, "Some Medieval Theories about the Nile", Geographical Journal, 114 (1949), p. 8
  10. ^ James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile - In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773 [1805 edition], vol. 2 p. 63
  11. ^ So R. E. Cheesman ("Lake Tana and its Islands", Geographical Journal, 85 [1935], p. 496), who visited Daga and was shown his casket, and Wallis Budge (History, p. 301). Bruce states Dawit was buried on Dek Island (Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile [1805 edition], vol. 3, p. 96); Bruce must have confused the two islands, which is easy to do.
  12. ^ Budge E.a. Wallis (1828). History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia. p. 302.
  13. ^ a b Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. The Red Sea Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-932415-19-6.
  14. ^ Budge, History, p. 300.
  15. ^ G.W.B. Huntingford, The Historical Geography of Ethiopia (London: The British Academy, 1989), p. 82
  16. ^ Jacques Mercier, "Ethiopian Art History" in Ethiopian Art: The Walters Museum (London: Third Millennium, 2001), p. 51.
  17. ^ Mercier, "Art History", p. 53.

Further reading

Regnal titles Preceded byNewaya Maryam Emperor of Ethiopia 1382–1413 Succeeded byTewodros I
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