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((Merge portions from|Deaf culture|discuss=Talk:Deaf culture in the United States#Merge proposal|date=November 2018))
((refimprove|date=April 2012))

In the [[United States]], [[deaf culture]] was born in [[Connecticut]] in 1817 at the [[American School for the Deaf]], when a deaf teacher from France, [[Laurent Clerc]], was recruited by [[Thomas Gallaudet]] to help found the new institution. Under the guidance and instruction of Clerc in language and ways of living, deaf American students began to evolve their own strategies for communication and for living, which became the kernel for the development of American Deaf culture.<ref name="Holcomb-2013">((cite book |last=Holcomb |first=Thomas K. |title=Introduction to American Deaf Culture |series=Professional perspectives on deafness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pySsIU0WFpQC&pg=PA3 |accessdate=17 July 2019 |date=17 January 2013 |publisher=[[OUP|OUP USA]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-977754-9 |oclc=795460149 |page=3))</ref>

== Introduction ==
((unsourced section |date=July 2019))
A Deaf American is defined as a member of the [[American Sign Language]] (ASL) [[linguistic minority]]. Though they are [[Hearing impaired|medically deaf]], [[Child of Deaf Adult|children of Deaf people]] and a few [[Hearing (person)|hearing]] people who learn ASL can become adopted into the wider Deaf community. Inversely, ''Deaf American'' is not inclusive to all people with [[Hearing impaired|hearing loss]] but only those who use ASL as their primary language.

== Terminology ==

=== ''deaf'' and ''Deaf'' ===
In 1972, Professor James Woodward, co-director of the Centre for Sign Linguistics and Deaf Studies at the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] since 2004, proposed a distinction between deafness and the Deaf culture.<ref>((cite web|date=24 August 2010|accessdate=22 November 2013|title=James Woodward biography|url=http://deaf-dialogue.net/?p=1372|publisher=Deaf Dialogue|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062602/http://deaf-dialogue.net/?p=1372|archive-date=3 December 2013))</ref> He suggested using ''[[deaf]]'' (written with a lower case ''d'') to refer to the audiological condition of deafness, and ''Deaf'' (written with an upper case ''D'') to refer to Deaf culture.<ref name="padden2005">((Cite book | last1 = Padden | first1 = Carol A. | last2 = Humphries | first2 = Tom (Tom L.) | title = Inside Deaf Culture | year = 2005 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA|page = 1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2B4XWIFPgowC&q=Deaf&pg=PA1 | isbn = 978-0-674-01506-7 ))</ref><ref name="ladd2003">((cite book | first=Paddy | last=Ladd | author-link=Paddy Ladd | year=2003 | title=Understanding Deaf Culture: In Search of Deafhood | publisher=Multilingual Matters | isbn=978-1-85359-545-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PRLjkES83oC | page = 502 ))</ref><ref name="padden1988">((cite book | first1=Carol | last1=Padden | first2=Tom | last2=Humphries | year=1988 | title=Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture | publisher=Harvard University Press | isbn=978-0-674-19423-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLdCuk0YekgC&pg=PA12 | page=134 ))</ref>
[[File:Deaf vs deaf.webm|thumb|''deaf'' vs. ''Deaf'']]
A [[U.S. state]] regulation from the [[Colorado Department of Human Services]] defines ''Deaf'' (uppercase) as "A group of people, with varying hearing acuity, whose primary mode of communication is a visual language (predominantly American Sign Language (ASL) in the United States) and have a shared heritage and culture," and has a separate definition for ''deaf'' (lowercase).<ref>((Cite web|url = https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=3504|title = RULE MANUAL 27 COLORADO COMMISSION FOR THE DEAF AND HARD OF HEARING|date = May 1, 2010|accessdate = September 26, 2015|publisher = Colorado Secretary of State|page = 15))</ref>

This convention has been widely adopted within the culture and the scholarly literature in English,<ref name="bigD">((cite web|url=http://deafness.about.com/cs/culturefeatures1/a/bigdorsmalld.htm|title=Deaf Culture - Big D Small D|date=9 February 2010|publisher=About.com|author=Jamie Berke|accessdate=22 November 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111043/http://deafness.about.com/cs/culturefeatures1/a/bigdorsmalld.htm|url-status=dead))</ref> and to some extent in other languages. The two terms are also widely used to refer to distinct but partially overlapping groups of people: deaf people (those with significant hearing loss) vs. Deaf people (those who identify with Deaf culture and use a sign language as a primary means of communication). Not everyone makes this distinction, however; some point out that there are many ways to be "deaf" and a simple two-way distinction is too confining.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.verywell.com/deaf-culture-big-d-small-d-1046233|title='Big D' and 'Small d' in the Deaf Community|work=Verywell Health|access-date=2018-03-08))</ref>
[[File:First person rejected.webm|thumb|"People-first" language rejected((Clarify|reason=needs better English translation/description|date=October 2022))]]

=== "People-first" language rejected ===
In Deaf culture, [[person-first language]] (i.e., ''person who is deaf'', ''person who is hard of hearing'') has long been rejected since being culturally Deaf is seen as a source of positive identity and pride.<ref name="Lum-2010">((cite book |last=Lum |first=Doman |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMqGhHCxXUYC&pg=PA441 |title=Culturally Competent Practice: A Framework for Understanding |publisher=Cengage Learning |page=441 |isbn=9780840034434))</ref> Instead, Deaf culture uses Deaf-first language: ''Deaf person'' or ''hard-of-hearing person''.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.gallaudet.edu/clerc_center/information_and_resources/info_to_go/educate_children_(3_to_21)/resources_for_mainstream_programs/terminology.html |title=Terminology Describing Deaf Individuals |publisher=Gallaudet University |accessdate=June 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605054809/http://www.gallaudet.edu/Clerc_Center/Information_and_Resources/Info_to_Go/Educate_Children_%283_to_21%29/Resources_for_Mainstream_Programs/Terminology.html |archive-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=dead ))</ref> Capital D-''Deaf'' is as stated prior, is referred to as a student who first identifies as that. Lower case d-''deaf'' is where a person has hearing loss: typically, those that consider themselves deaf, first and foremost prior to any other identity.

=== ''Hearing-impaired'' and ''hard-of-hearing'' ===

[[File:Hearing impairment.webm|thumb|''Healthy hearing'' and ''hard of hearing'']]
Hearing people may use the term ''[[Hearing loss|hearing-impaired]]'', perhaps thinking it is more polite than ''deaf'', but Deaf people tend to reject it, for a variety of reasons. It is more likely to be used for people with a mild or moderate hearing loss or for people who have acquired deafness in adulthood rather than by those who have grown up Deaf. By contrast, those who identify with the [[Deaf rights movement|Deaf culture movement]] typically reject the label ''hearing-impaired'' and other labels that imply that deafness is a pathological condition,<ref name="nad">((cite web |title=Community and Culture – Frequently Asked Questions – Question – What is wrong with the use of these terms 'deaf-mute,' 'deaf and dumb,' or 'hearing-impaired'? |website=National Association of the Deaf |url=http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq |archive-date=2015-12-27 |access-date=2015-12-29))</ref> viewing it instead as a focus of pride.<ref name="ladd2003" /> Further, the term focuses entirely on the physical condition of deafness, while ignoring the linguistic and cultural distinction between those who sign and identify with Deaf culture, and those who do not.

The term ''hard-of-hearing'' is preferred over ''hearing-impaired'' within the American Deaf community and accepted as a neutral term without negative or pathological connotations, with no implication about age of onset. It generally refers to people who depend primarily on a spoken language for communication or who have mild or moderate hearing loss. An ASL term ((Smallcaps|'''hard-of-hearing''')) exists and is roughly equivalent to the English term.

=== Deprecated terms: ''deaf-mute'' and ''deaf and dumb'' ===
Various terms once used to refer to the deaf are no longer used and may be viewed either as out-of-date, or an insult, such as ''[[deaf-mute]]'', or ''[[deaf and dumb]]''.<ref name="nad" /> Formerly these terms were neutral, or at least accepted, as can be seen by nicknames such as baseball player [[Dummy Hoy]], or the former names of educational institutions, since renamed, such as [[Pennsylvania School for the Deaf]] (formerly [[Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb]]), [[Gallaudet University]] (formerly '''National Deaf-Mute College''').

''Deaf-mute'' is a literal translation of the French ((Lang|fr|sourd-muet)) which was already in use in France in the 19th century, in the [[Charles-Michel de l'Épée#Published works|works]] of the founder of the deaf school in Paris, as well as in the name of the school, the ''[[Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets à Paris]]''. Since some Deaf people can also speak, the term ''deaf-mute'' is not accurate. The word ''dumb'' had meant 'speechless' for centuries in English before it gained the sense of 'stupid' as a secondary meaning in the 19th century, but since 'stupid' has now become the primary meaning, even though the term is still widely understood in the secondary meaning in the particular expression, it is now unsuitable to refer to Deaf people.<ref>((cite web |title=The Grammarphobia Blog – Speaking of dumb |last1=O'Conner |first1= Patricia |last2=Kellerman |first2=Stewart |date=July 3, 2014 |url=http://www.grammarphobia.com/blog/2014/07/dumb.html |access-date=2015-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905080610/http://www.grammarphobia.com/blog/2014/07/dumb.html |archive-date=2015-09-05))</ref>

== Language ==
((Refimprove section|date=January 2010)) 
The history of Deaf Americans, for the most part, parallels that of [[American Sign Language]] (ASL).

Although Deaf American identity is now strongly tied to the use of American Sign Language, its roots can be found in early deaf communities on the American East Coast, including those that communicated using [[Martha's Vineyard Sign Language]]. Martha's Vineyard Sign Language bloomed from necessity due to a high number of hereditary deaf Americans in the area. The language became so popular, even the hearing Vineyard workers adopted it. The Vineyard language contributed hundreds of signs to the modern ASL utilized today.<ref>'For Hearing People Only' (3rd Addition) By Matthew S. Moore and Linda Levitan</ref>   

An important event in the history of Deaf Americans was the introduction of the methodical sign system of the [[Abbé de l'Epée]] to deaf children at the [[American School for the Deaf]] in 1817 by [[Laurent Clerc]], a [[French Sign Language|French signer]] who accompanied [[Thomas Gallaudet]] to become the first teacher at the school. 

This tradition continued until 1880 when [[oralism]] (promoting speaking) began to replace [[manualism]] (promoting signing) as the dominant approach to [[deaf education]], almost obliterating ASL and [[deaf culture]] in America. Oralism was the main philosophy in deaf education until 1965 when the linguist [[William Stokoe]] argued that ASL should be regarded as a full language with all of the expressive power of any oral language. This gradually led to an increase in the respectability and use of signing.

== Deaf art ==
The accomplishments of Deaf artists have been noted with many factors contributing to a natural attraction to visual arts. Three factors have been noted: biological factor, isolation factor, and the Deaf essence factor.<ref name=":0">((Cite book|last=Holcomb|first=Thomas K.|title=Introduction to American Deaf Culture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780199777549|location=New York, NY|pages=119–136|chapter=Deaf Art))</ref><blockquote>As "people of the eye," Deaf people are naturally attracted to the visual arts.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>A desire to express themselves to the world through visually accessible medium may be a reason for such a strong Deaf artist community. Due to frustration with limited communication in home and school life (leading to feelings of isolation), many Deaf artists report that art creates a way for them to freely express their thoughts and feelings. Similar to the art of other marginalized and oppressed groups, Deaf art tends to be a vessel through which one's Deaf identity (Deaf essence) can manifest.<ref name=":0" />

The American Deaf artist [[Christine Sun Kim]] expresses her frustration with the hearing world using visual art, interactive installations, and performance art.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/21/t-magazine/christine-sun-kim-artist.html|title=An Artist Who Channels Her Anger Into Pie Charts|last=Furman|first=Anna|date=21 May 2019|website=The New York Times|language=en|access-date=28 April 2020))</ref>

=== De'VIA (Deaf View/Image Art) ===
Proposed by Deaf artists in 1989 at the Deaf Way festival, the concept of De'VIA represents the elements found in the Deaf art movement.<ref name=":0" /> [[Betty G. Miller|Betty Miller]] and [[Chuck Baird]] are the most notable founders of the De'VIA art movement.

==== Difference between Deaf artists and De'VIA ====
Deaf artists create and use art in any form and are held to the same standards as any other artist. De'VIA is created when the Deaf artists wants to express their Deaf identity and/or Deaf experience through their art. It is possible for Deaf artists not to work within De'VIA.<ref name=":0" />

==== Themes of resistance and affirmation ====
Many De'Via works can be defined as resistance art, which is a recent phenomenon in Deaf culture. Betty Miller's piece ''Ameslan Prohibited'' (1972) depicts two shackled hands and chopped fingertips; this powerful image encouraged more Deaf people to reveal their childhood experiences of [[audism]] and oralism through art.<ref name=":0" />

In many of Chuck Baird's artwork, he cleverly incorporates ASL [[Handshape|handshapes]] into the shapes of objects to which they refer. For example, his piece titled ''America'' has the stripes of the U.S.A. flag incorporated into the sign for AMERICA. De'VIA provides scenes of meaningful aspects of being Deaf that affirm the rich lives that Deaf people enjoy.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Themes associated with De'VIA<ref>((Cite journal|last=Durr|first=Patricia|date=2006|title=De'VIA: Investigating Deaf Visual Art|journal=Deaf Studies Today|volume=2|pages=167–187))</ref>
! colspan="2" |''Resistance vs. Affirmation De'VIA''
|-
!Resistance De'VIA
!Affirmation De'VIA
|-
|Audism
|Empowerment
|-
|Oralism
|ASL
|-
|Mainstreaming
|Affiliation
|-
|Cochlear implants
|Acculturation
|-
|Identity confusion
|Acceptance
|-
|Eugenics
|Deafhood
|}

== Norms of Deaf American culture ==
((Unreferenced section|date=October 2022))
* The use of [[American Sign Language]] (ASL) is favored over secondary codes such as [[Signing Exact English|Signed Exact English]] (SEE). ASL is a separate language from English and the Deaf community rejects English-like signing.
* It is important to maintain a high awareness of all that is going on in one's environment and to help keep others similarly informed because "deaf people do not have access to the noises that clue us in to what others are doing when out of view".((Quote without source|date=October 2022)) It is common to provide detailed information when leaving early or arriving late and withholding such information is considered rude.
* Introductions are an important aspect of Deaf culture. This exhibits the effort to find common ground. "The search for connections is the search for connectedness."((Quote without source|date=October 2022))
* Time is also considered in a different light for the Deaf community. Showing up early to large-scale events, such as lectures, is typical. This is motivated by the need to get a seat that provides the best visual clarity for the deaf person. It is also common to be late to social events such as meeting friends for coffee or play dates with children. This could have stemmed from the fact that until recent years, with the creation of text messaging, it was nearly impossible to inform a friend when running late. However, at Deaf social events, such as parties, it is common for Deaf people to stay for elongated amounts of time, for the solidarity and conversations at social gatherings for the Deaf are valued by Deaf culture. This can be explained by the fact that the Deaf community stretches throughout the entire country, so to gather means that a lot of 'catching up' is necessary.
* A positive attitude toward deafness is also expected within the Deaf community. In Deaf culture, deafness is not considered a condition that needs to be fixed (see [[Medical model of disability]]). ASL also holds great importance to the Deaf community and its identity: it represents the liberation of language minority, oppressed for many years by oralist teachings.

== Attitudes toward cochlear implants ==

Within Deaf communities, there is strong opposition to the use of [[cochlear implants]] and sometimes also [[hearing aids]] and similar technologies. This is often justified in terms of a rejection of the view that [[deafness]], as a condition, is something that needs to be 'fixed'.

Others argue that this technology also threatens the continued existence of Deaf culture, but Kathryn Woodcock argues that it is a greater threat to [[Deaf culture]] "to reject prospective members just because they used to hear, because their parents chose an implant for them, because they find environmental sound useful, etc."<ref name="woodcock1992">((cite book | first=Kathryn | last=Woodcock | year=1992 | title=Cochlear Implants vs. Deaf Culture? In Mervin Garretson (ed.), ''Viewpoints on Deafness: A Deaf American Monograph''. Silver Spring, MD: National Association for the Deaf))</ref> Cochlear implants may improve the perception of sound for suitable implantees, but they do not reverse deafness, or create a normal perception of sounds.

== Attitudes toward oralism as a teaching method ==
((unsourced section |date=July 2019))

There is strong opposition within Deaf communities to the oralist method of teaching deaf children to speak and [[lip reading|lip read]] with limited or no use of sign language in the classroom. The method is intended to make it easier for deaf children to integrate into hearing communities, but the benefits of learning in such an environment are disputed. The use of [[sign language]] is also central to Deaf [[Cultural identity|identity]] and attempts to limit its use are viewed as an attack.

==See also==
* [[National Association of the Deaf (United States)|National Association of the Deaf]]
* [[National Theatre of the Deaf]]

==References==
((reflist))
* Ethnologue, "Ethnologue Report on American Sign Language," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ase

==Further reading==

* ((Cite book |last=Chamberlin |first=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aO3FDEIgbDQC&q=Deaf+bing&pg=PA97 |title=Dear Friends and Darling Romans |date=April 2012 |publisher=John Harding |isbn=978-1-938375-03-3))
* ((Cite journal |date=2009 |title=Deaf Clubs |url=https://ifmyhandscouldspeak.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/deaf-clubs/ |journal=Ifmyhandscouldspeak ))
* ((Cite journal |last1=Elliott |first1=Eeva A. |last2=Jacobs |first2=Arthur M. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=Facial Expressions, Emotions, and Sign Languages |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=4 |pages=115 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00115 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=3593340 |pmid=23482994|doi-access=free ))
* ((Cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=Ross E. |last2=Karchmer |first2=Michael A. |date=April 1, 2004 |title=When Parents Are Deaf Versus Hard of Hearing: Patterns of Sign Use and School Placement of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children |url=https://academic.oup.com/jdsde/article/9/2/133/492760 |journal=The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=133–152 |doi=10.1093/deafed/enh017 |pmid=15304437 |issn=1081-4159|doi-access=free ))
* ((Cite journal |last=Padden |first=Carol |date=2013 |title=Decline of Deaf clubs |url=http://quote.ucsd.edu/padden/files/2013/01/Decline-of-Deaf-Clubs.pdf |journal=UCSD ))
* ((Cite news |title=Social |work=Gallaudet University |url=https://www.gallaudet.edu/life-at-gallaudet/the-nations-capital/social ))
* ((Cite news |last=Henederix- Evans |first=Natalie |title=#Deafbing is it thing? yes, #Deafbing |url=https://www.in.gov/idr/2754.htm |access-date=2020-06-15 |archive-date=2020-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615193334/https://www.in.gov/idr/2754.htm |url-status=dead ))
* ((Cite news |last=Tavner |first=Sarah |date=May 30, 2008 |title=A family with hereditary deafness speak of their pride in being deaf-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/may/31/familyandrelationships.disability |issn=0261-3077))
* ((cite web  |last1=Hendrix-Evans  |first1=Natalie  |title=#DEAFBING? YES, #DEAFBING. its a thing  |url=https://www.in.gov/idr/2754.htm  |access-date=2020-06-15  |archive-date=2020-06-15  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615193334/https://www.in.gov/idr/2754.htm  |url-status=dead  ))
* ((cite web  |title=How do I get a deaf person's attention?  |url=https://www.visuallyspeaking.info/how-do-i-get-a-deaf-persons-attention/))
* ((Cite web |title="If You Are Not Using Facial Expressions You Are Not Using ASL" American Sign Language (ASL) |url=https://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/topics/facial-expressions-if-you-are-not-using.htm |website=www.lifeprint.com))
* ((Cite web |title=DawnSignPress - Store |url=https://www.dawnsign.com/products/details/audism-unveiled |website=www.dawnsign.com))
* ((Cite web |title=Deaf Culture American Sign Language (ASL) |url=http://asluniversity.com/asl101/topics/culturestudyguide.htm |website=asluniversity.com))
* ((Cite web |title=Deaf culture in an American deaf family |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/11/23/living/deaf-culture-all-american-family-cnn-digital-short/index.html |first=Thom  |last=Patterson |website=CNN|date=23 November 2015 ))
* ((Cite web |title=Deaf Culture Physical Touch ((!)) MT&A Sign Language Interpreting Practice |url=https://www.mtapractice.com/2017/02/02/deaf-culture-physical-touch/ |date=February 2, 2017 |website=MT & Associates Sign Language Interpreting Practice))
* ((cite web |title=Deaf Culture |url=https://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/pages-layout/culturestudyguide.htm ))
* ((Cite web |title=DeafSpace: deaf window and hearing door |url=https://www.handspeak.com/culture/index.php?id=131 |website=www.handspeak.com))
* ((Cite web |title=Fun Things to Know about Deaf Culture - SignOn Connect |url=https://signonconnect.com/2018/03/11/fun-things-to-know-about-deaf-culture/ |date=March 12, 2018 |website=Sign On))
* ((Cite web |title=Inside Deaf Culture — Carol Padden, Tom Humphries |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674022522 |website=www.hup.harvard.edu))
* ((Cite web |title=Problems Faced by Deaf Individuals in Finding Jobs |url=https://work.chron.com/problems-faced-deaf-individuals-finding-jobs-23030.html |website=work.chron.com))
* ((cite web |title=Visual attention in the early childhood classroom |url=http://www.raisingandeducatingdeafchildren.org/2018/04/02/visual-attention-in-the-early-childhood-classroom/ |last=Hasko |first=Janna |date=April 2, 2018 |website=raisingandeducatingdeaf ))
* ((Cite web |title=What It's Like to Grow up in a Deaf Family |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/deaf-parents |last=Marcus |first=Lilit |website=Teen Vogue|date=18 March 2014 ))
* ((Cite web |title=When Is Sign Language Interpreting Required By Law? |url=https://www.accreditedlanguage.com/interpreting/when-is-sign-language-interpreting-required-by-law/ |website=Accredited Language Services))

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