Compared to traditional air-conditioning, Deep Lake Water Cooling reduces electricity use by 75%, and may eliminate 40,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide, the equivalent of taking 8,000 cars off the streets.[3]
An Environmental Assessment and design of the DLWC was completed by R.V. Anderson Associates Limited starting in 1997. Pre-construction began in 1997, and received money from the Federation of Canadian Municipalities.[4]
It was officially launched on August 17, 2004, at Steam Whistle Brewing, one of Enwave's customers. The launch was attended by actor Alec Baldwin, Ontario Minister of Energy Dwight Duncan, Canadian Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development Joe Volpe, and Toronto Deputy Mayor Sandra Bussin. The launch coincided with the anniversary of the 2003 blackout.[5]
Mechanism
The DLWC involves three large HDPE pipes have been run 5 kilometres (3 miles) into Lake Ontario, to a depth of 83 metres.[6] An an expansion to the system consists of an additional fourth pipe that extends 3.3 kilometers into Lake Ontario to a depth of 70 metres.
Lake Ontario is a thermally stratified lake and contains a thermocline. The bottom most layer is composed of dense cold water and is referred to as the hypolimnion. At this depth the water is a constant 4 °C (39 °F). The water is piped to the Toronto Island Water Treatment Plant for potable water treatment and then to the John Street Pumping Station. An Energy Transfer Station is located at the John Street Pumping Station which contains a series of plate and frame heat exchangers. These are used to transfer heat between from a chilled water to the potable water. This cooled chilled water is then circulated within a district energy distribution system to supply buildings with cooling. This chilled water is then returned back to the Energy Transfer Station. The potable water is then supplied to the municipal drinking water system. Built at a cost of C$230m ($200m) over four years, the system is run by the Enwave Energy Corporation.[7]
Cold lake water is pumped through the source side of heat exchangers situated at Toronto's John Street Pumping Station while a chilled water mixture is circulated through the load circuit of the heat exchanger, allowing for a net energy transfer from the Lake water/chilled water mixture to the lake water. The chilled water mixture is then circulated using pumps throughout fan-coil units installed in high-rise properties throughout the region served by Enwave in Downtown Toronto where is absorbs energy and repeats the cycle to provide cooling and dehumidification. This system is advantageous since it reduces, or even completely eradicates chiller usage during summer months and shoulder seasons, reducing energy usage, as well as minimizing the number of evaporative cooling towers from operating, which are susceptible to becoming breeding grounds for Legionella pneumophila.
Expansion
In 2018, a Deep Lake Water Cooling Expansion program was initiated to increase the system capacity. An Environmental Assessment and design of the DLWC was completed by R.V. Anderson Associates Limited starting in 2020. Construction commenced in 2021 and is scheduled to be complete by 2024. The expansion consists of an addition 4th intake pipeline that is 3.3 km long to a depth of 70 m. A new tunnel and shaft conveyance system from Toronto Island to The John Street Pumping Station that is 3 km long and is located 90 m below ground surface. New pumps and heat exchangers at the John Street Pumping Station. As well as conveyance and system upgrades to other downstream systems.
4th Intake Installation
The expansion will increase the system capacity by 251 million litres per day for a total deep lake water cooling raw water capacity of 704 million litres per day. [8]
