The Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh has a total population of roughly 1.4 million (as of 2011) on an area of 84,000 km2, amounting to a population density of about 17 pop./km2 (far below the Indian average of 370 pop./km2 but significantly higher than similarly mountainous Ladakh). The "indigenous groups" account for about two thirds of population, while immigrants, mostly of Bengali/Hindi belt origin, account for the remaining third.
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order (1956 and as inserted by Act 69 of 1986) lists twelve tribes of Arunachal Pradesh explicitly, but makes explicit that the list is non-exhaustive by noting that "all tribes of the State, including" those listed are to be considered "Scheduled". There are 26 major tribes and more than 100 sub tribes in Arunachal Pradesh.
The twelve tribes listed are:[2]Adi (Abor), Aka (Hruso), Apatani, Nyishi, Tagin, Galo, Khampti, Mishmi, Momba (Monpa), "any Naga tribes", Sherdukpen, Singpho.
Distribution of various ethno-linguistic group in the state
As one of the Seven Sister States of eight if including Sikkim in India's remote north-east, it is culturally at least as much part of Southeast Asia as it is of South Asia; ethnolinguistically, it is divided between various Tibeto-Burman speaking Tribes. Monpa area bordering Bhutan to the west, the Tani and Mishmi areas in the center, Singpho/Tangsa/Yobin area bordering Myanmar to the east and the Naga area bordering Nagaland in the south. It shares a large part of its border with China and the Indian state of Assam. In between there are transition zones, such as the Bugun/Aka/Hruso/Miji/Sherdukpen area, which form cultural "buffers" between the Tibetic Buddhist tribes and the Tani hill tribes. In addition, there are isolated peoples scattered throughout the state.
Within each of these cultural spheres, one finds populations of related tribes speaking related languages and sharing similar traditions. In the Tibetic area, one finds large numbers of Monpa tribespeople, with several subtribes speaking closely related but mutually incomprehensible languages, and also large numbers of Tibetans. Within the Tani area, major tribes include Nishi, which has recently come to be used by many people to encompass Bangni and even Hills Miri. Apatani also live among the Nishi, but are distinct. In the northern zone the Tagin presides as one of the major tribe extending up to the northeastern side of mechuka . In the centre, one finds predominantly Galo people, with the major sub-groups of Lare, Kargu-kardi and Pugo among others, extending to the Ramo and Pailibo areas (which are close in many ways to Galo). In the east, one finds the Adi, with many subtribes including Padam, Pasi, Minyong, and Bokar, among others. Milang, while also falling within the general "Adi" sphere, are in many ways quite distinct. Moving east, the Idu, Miju and Digaru make up the "Mishmi" cultural-linguistic area, which may or may not form a coherent historical grouping.
Moving southeast, the TaiKhamti are linguistically distinct from their neighbours and culturally distinct from the majority of other Arunachali tribes; they are religiously similar to the Chakmas who have migrated from erstwhile East Pakistan. They follow the same Theraveda sect of Buddhism. The Chakmas consist of the majority of the tribal population in Diyun Circleand are considered as minority ground in the state of mizoram, tripura and Myanmar. Districts of Lohit, Changlang and Papumpare have a considerable number of Chakmas. Assam also have a countable population of Chakmas who reside in the district of Karbi Anglong, Nagaon and Dima Hasao district. They also exhibit considerable convergence with the Singpho and Tangsa tribes of the same area, all of which are also found in Burma. Finally, the Nocte and Wancho exhibit cultural and possibly also linguistic affinities to the tribes of Nagaland, which they border. There are also Indigenous Assamese people belonging to various indigenous Assamese communities in Arunachal Pradesh.
In addition, there are large numbers of migrants from diverse areas of India and Bangladesh, who, while legally not entitled to settle permanently, in practice stay indefinitely, progressively altering the traditional demographic makeup of the state. Finally, populations of "Nepalis" (in fact, usually Tibeto-Burman tribespeople whose tribes predominate in areas of Nepal, but who do not have tribal status in India) and Chakmas who are considered legal migrants are distributed in different areas of the state (although reliable figures are hard to come by).
Literacy
Literacy has risen in official figures to 66.95% in 2011 from 54.74% in 2001. The literate population is said to number 789,943. Number of literate males are 454,532 (73.69%) and number of literate females are 335,411 (59.57%).[3]
Out of the 101 recognized tribes,[clarification needed] 37 have an animist majority (Nyishi, Adi, Galo, Tagin, Adi, Apatani, Bugun, etc.), 23 have a Christian majority (Wancho, Mossang Tangsa, Bori, Yobin, etc.), 15 have a Hindu majority (Mishmi, Mishing/Miri, Indigenous Assamese people, Nepali, Aka, Longchang Tangsa, etc.), and 17 have a Buddhist majority (Monpa, Khampti, Tawang Monpa, Momba, Singpho, Sherdukpen, Chakma, etc.). The remaining 8 tribes do not have a dominant religion (Nocte, Tangsa, Naga, etc.).[7]
References
^"Census Population"(PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
