Demographics of Belarus
Population pyramid of Belarus in 2023
Population	9,155,978 (2024)[1]
Fertility rate	1.29 (2020)
Age structure
0–14 years	16.9% (male 821,285/female 772,360)
15–64 years	67.7% (male 3,053,618/female 3,314,835)
65 and over	15.4% (male 479,740/female 971,608) (2019 census)
Sex ratio
Total	0.87 male(s)/female (2014)
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years	0.94 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.46 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Belarusian(s) adjective: Belarusian
Major ethnic	Belarusians
Language
Spoken	Belarusian, Russian

The demographics of Belarus is about the demographic features of the population of Belarus, including population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

Population

The population of Belarus suffered a dramatic decline during World War II, dropping from more than 9 million in 1940 to 7.7 million in 1951. It then resumed its long-term growth, rising to 10 million in 1999.^[3] After that the population began a steady decline, dropping to 9.7 million in 2006–2007.^[4] Originally a highly agrarian country with nearly 80% of its population in rural areas, Belarus has been undergoing a process of continuous urbanization. The rural population saw its share of the total population decrease from 70% in 1959 to less than 30% in the 2000s.^[5]

Population

9,491,800 (January 2018 est.)^[6]

country comparison to the world:'’ 92 ^[7]

Age structure

0–14 years: 15.4% (male 759,285/female 717,118)

15–24 years: 11.7% (male 575,907/female 544,170)

25–54 years: 45.5% (male 2,141,419/female 2,227,433)

55–64 years: 13.3% (male 562,639/female 716,216)

65 years and over: 14.2% (male 430,225/female 933,646) (2014 est.)

Median age

Total: 39.4 years

Male: 36.3 years

Female: 42.4 years (2014 est.)

Sex ratio

At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0–14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15–24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

25–54 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

55–64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.87 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Population change in Belarus, 1970 – 2010^[8]

1970–1989		1970–2010		1999–2010

Life expectancy at birth

Total population: 72.15 years

country comparison to the world: 138

Male: 66.53 years

Female: 78.1 years (2014 est.)

Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	60.71
1955–1960	66.32
1960–1965	69.11
1965–1970	70.37
1970–1975	70.51
1975–1980	70.41
1980–1985	70.14
1985–1990	71.35
1990–1995	69.44
1995–2000	67.42
2000–2005	67.83
2005–2010	69.25
2010–2015	72.15

Total fertility rate (TFR) in Belarus by region and year

• 
  Birth rate (by district, 2019)
• 
  Mortality rate (by district, 2019)
• 
  Rate of natural increase (by district, 2019)

Infant mortality rate

Total: 4.0 deaths/1,000 live births for 429 death. (2010)

Total: 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births for 422 death. (2011)

Total: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births for 386 death. (2012)

Total: 3.5 deaths/1,000 live births for 407 death. (2013)

Total: 3.5 deaths/1,000 live births for 415 death. (2014)

Total: 3.5 deaths/1,000 live births for 321 death. (January–September 2014)

Total: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births for 283 death. (January–September 2015)

Vital statistics

Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire

The figures below refer to the five governorates of the Russian Empire (Grodno, Vitebsk, Minsk, Mogilev, Vilna) with a Belarusian majority.^[10]

Current vital statistics

^[12]

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January - March 2019	21,519	32,229	-10,710
January - March 2020	20,180	31,039	-10,859
Difference	-1,339 (-6.22%)	-1,190 (-3.69%)	-149

Structure of the population

Ethnic groups

Belarusians 84.9%, Russians 7.5%, Poles 3.1%, Ukrainians 1.7%, Jews 0.1%, Armenians 0.1%, Lipka Tatars 0.1%, Ruska Roma 0.1%, Lithuanians 0.1%, Azerbaijanis 0.1%, others 2.2% (2019 census).

Prior to the Second World War

Prior to World War II, Jews were the second largest ethnic group in Belarus, and at 400,000 in the 1926 and 1939 censuses they even exceeded the number of Russians (although admittedly by a small margin).^[14] Jews accounted for 7%–8% of the total population at that time, comprising more than 40% of the population in cities and towns, where Jews and Poles were the majority, while Belarusians mostly lived in rural areas.

The Poles were the fourth largest ethnic group in Byelorussian SSR (current Eastern portion of Belarus), before World War II, comprising 1–2% of the population in the pre-war censuses (less than 100,000).^[14]

After the Second World War

The Holocaust decimated the Jewish population in Belarus, and after World War II, in 1959, Jews accounted for only 1.9% of the population. Since then, Jewish emigration to Israel and other countries reduced the number of Jews to 0.1% of the population (13,000 in 2009).

After the war, a large number of Poles were forced to move to Poland. In exchange, Belarusians from the former Belastok Region, which was returned to Poland in 1945, after being occupied in 1939 were displaced to Belarus. Due to changes in the western border of Belarus and Poland after World War II (see territorial changes of Poland), the number of Poles in Belarus increased to more than 500,000 according to the first post-war census (1959) and to about 400,000 according to the 1999 census. Poles are now the third largest ethnic group in Belarus (see Polish minority in Belarus). There are around 15,000 of Lipka Tatars and about 10,000 of Ruska Roma (Russian Gypsies).

In the post-war period Belarus experienced an influx of workers from other parts of the Soviet Union, for example Russians and Ukrainians. The decade after independence saw a decline in the population of most of these minority groups, either by assimilation or emigration. The most significant exception to this trend has been a continued (if small-scale) net immigration of Armenians and Azerbaijanis, whose numbers increased from less than 2,000 in 1959 to around 10,000 in 1999.^[3]

Ethnic composition of Belarus according to 2019 census

Belarusian		Russians		Poles		Ukrainians

Ethnic composition of Belarus according to 2009 census

Belarusian		Russians		Poles		Ukrainians

Languages

Belarusian and Russian are the official languages according to the Constitution of Belarus (Article 17). The constitution guarantees preservation of the cultural heritage of all ethnic minorities, including their languages (Article 15). Russian, and not Belarusian, is the dominant language in Belarus, spoken normally at home by 70% of the population (2009 census). Major cities such as Minsk and Brest are overwhelmingly Russian-speaking.

Languages of Belarus according to 2009 census (green – Belarusian, blue – Russian)

Native languages		Spoken languages

Religion

According to 1997 estimates, 80% of the religious population belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church and the others are mainly Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, Protestants, Muslims, and Jews.^[15]

Figures for 2020 state that 78% of the population have a Christian background (this includes 60% Orthodox and 10% Catholic). Of the rest, almost 22% are non-religious, with a very small number of Jews and Sunni Muslims.^[16]

Urbanization

Urban population: 75% of total population (2011)

Rate of urbanization: 0.21% annual rate of change (2010–2015 est.)