Demographics of Luxembourg
Population pyramid of Luxembourg in 2020
Population	650,364 (2022 est.)
Growth rate	1.64% (2022 est.)
Birth rate	11.61 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate	7.21 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy	82.98 years
• male	80.52 years
• female	85.58 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate	1.63 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate	3.25 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate	12.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	16.73%
65 and over	15.37%
Sex ratio
Total	1.02 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.7 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	Luxembourger
Major ethnic	Luxembourger (52.9%)
Language
Official	Luxembourgish, French, German
Spoken	Luxembourgish

Demographic features of the population of Luxembourg include population density, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

The following is an overview of the demographics of Luxembourg. Demographic topics include basic statistics, most populous cities, and religious affiliation.

The population of Luxembourg as of 1 January 2023 was 660,809 (52.57% Luxembourgers and 47.43% of foreign nationality).^[3]

The people of Luxembourg are called Luxembourgers.^[4]

Population

The population of Luxembourg in 2023 is 660,809.

Population growth rate

1.8% (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.62 children born/woman (2020 est.)

Life expectancy

Source: UN World Population Prospects

Age structure

(2020 est.)

• 0–14 years: 16.73% (male 54 099; female 51 004)
• 15–24 years: 11.78% (male 37,946; female 36 061)
• 25-54 years: 43.93% (male 141,535/female 134,531)
• 55-64 years: 12.19% (male 39,289/female 37,337)
• 65 years and over: 15.37% (male 43,595/female 52,984)

Vital statistics

The following table chronicles factors such as population, birth rates, and death rates in Luxembourg since 1900.^[6]

Current vital statistics

^{[7] [8]}

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January - September 2022	4,686	3,313	+1,373
January - September 2023	4,594	3,252	+1,342
Difference	-92 (−1.96%)	-61 (−1.84%)	-31

Structure of the population

Fertility

In 2020, 64% of children born in Luxembourg were to mothers of foreign origin, both from other EU member states and from non-EU countries.^[10]

Immigration

Luxembourg does not formally collect ethnic or racial data of its citizens.^[11] The foreign population resident in Luxembourg currently numbers over 313,407, corresponding to 47.43% of the total population (compared to 13.2% in 1961).^[3] That means there are currently almost as many immigrants as there are native citizens. These immigrants are overwhelmingly^[12] nationals of EU countries (accounting for over 80%), by far the greater part of whom originally come from Portugal, Italy and the two neighbouring countries, France and Belgium. For some years, there has also been a large increase in the number of immigrants and asylum seekers from the countries of Eastern Europe, and especially the new republics to have emerged from the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro). These immigrants include a considerable proportion of young people. Immigrants (especially asylum seekers) have a strong impact on the birth rate, accounting for nearly 50% of births in Luxembourg. The population of Ukrainian immigrants increased dramatically following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, representing nearly a percent of the total population as of 2023.^[13]

A more detailed breakdown by nationality^[12] shows that the Portuguese community is still the largest group, accounting for around 30% of the foreign population. The Italian population has been stable for the past ten years at approximately 20,000. Some 80,000 foreigners come from bordering countries (France, Belgium and Germany).

Nationality [14]
1 January 2023
1	Luxembourg	347,402
2	Portugal	92,101
3	France	49,104
4	Italy	24,676
5	Belgium	19,205
6	Germany	12,678
7	Spain	9,068
8	Romania	6,625
9	Ukraine	5,238
10	Poland	5,130
11	India	4,657
12	China	4,295
13	Greece	4,268
14	Netherlands	3,956
15	United Kingdom	3,924
16	Syria	3,231
17	Brazil	3,050
18	Montenegro	2,806
19	Cape Verde	2,488
20	Ireland	2,372
-	Other	54,535

Religion

The predominant religion of the Luxembourg population is Roman Catholic, with Protestant, Anglican, Jewish, Muslim and Hindu minorities. According to a 1979 law, the government forbids collection of data on religious practices, but over 90% is estimated to be baptized Catholic (the Virgin Mary is the Patroness of the city of Luxembourg).

The Lutherans are the largest Protestant denomination in the country. Muslims are estimated to number approximately 6000 persons, notably including 1,500 refugees from Montenegro; Orthodox (Albanian, Greek, Montenegrin, Serbian, Russian, and Romanian) adherents are estimated to number approximately 5,000 persons, along with approximately 1,000 Jews. Freedom of religion is provided by the Luxembourg Constitution.^[15]

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook.^[16]

Language

The linguistic situation in Luxembourg is complicated. The "national language" is Luxembourgish, a West Germanic language based on the same German dialect as in the neighbouring part of Germany. Three languages are used by the administration: Luxembourgish, French and German. French is the only language of legislation ^[17]

According to the census of 2011, the residents of Luxembourg answer very differently about their use of language, depending on the context (see table).^[18]