Population Growth
YearPop.±%
19017,544,790—    
19116,731,510−10.8%
19217,152,811+6.3%
19318,123,076+13.6%
19419,767,161+20.2%
19519,160,500−6.2%
196111,135,069+21.6%
197113,551,060+21.7%
198116,788,915+23.9%
199120,281,969+20.8%
200124,358,999+20.1%
201127,743,338+13.9%
source:Census of India [a][b][1][2]

Punjab is home to 2.3% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km2. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Punjab has a population of 27,743,338, making it the 16th most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. 32% of Punjab's population consists of Dalits. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.9% (2011), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.5% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.5%. According to the 2011 Census of India, Punjab, India has a population of around 27.7 million.

Population density

The table below gives the population density (persons per square kilometre) of Punjab through the years.[3]

Population density (persons per square kilometer) of Punjab by year[3]
Year Density
2011 551
2001 484
1991 403
1981 333

The table below shows the population density by district in Punjab, according to the 2011 census.[3]

Population density of districts of Punjab - census 2011[3]
Sr. No. District Density (persons per square kilometre)
1 Ludhiana 978
2 Amritsar 928
3 SAS Nagar 909
4 Jalandhar 836
5 Gurdaspur 647
6 Patiala 570
7 Fatehgarh Sahib 509
8 Rupnagar 505
9 Kapurthala 499
10 SBS Nagar 478
11 Hoshiarpur 469
12 Tarn Taran 464
13 Sangrur 457
14 Moga 444
15 Faridkot 424
16 Bathinda 414
17 Barnala 402
18 Ferozepur 382
19 Mansa 350
20 Sri Muktsar Sahib 348
Punjab 551

Gender

The table below shows the sex ratio of Punjab through the years.[4]

Decadal sex ratio of Punjab by census years[4]
Year (Census) Sex Ratio
2011 895
2001 876
1991 882
1981 879
1971 865
1961 854
1951 844
1941 836
1931 815
1921 799
1911 870
1901 832

The table below shows the sex ratio of Punjab by district, according to the 2011 census.

Sex ratio of Punjab by district, 2011 census[5]
Sr. No. District Ratio
1 Hoshiarpur 961
2 SBS Nagar 954
3 Rupnagar 915
4 Jalandhar 915
5 Kapurthala 912
6 Gurdaspur 907
7 Tarn Taran 900
8 Sri Muktsar Sahib 896
9 Fazilka 894
10 Moga 893
11 Ferozepur 893
12 Patiala 891
13 Faridkot 890
14 Amritsar 889
15 Sangrur 885
16 Mansa 883
17 SAS Nagar 879
18 Barnala 876
19 Ludhiana 873
20 Fatehgarh Sahib 871
21 Pathankot 869
22 Bathinda 868
Punjab 895
Number of urban people by gender in districts - Census 2011[6][7]
District Males (Urban) Females (Urban)
Gurdaspur 1,92,590 1,68,563
Pathankot 1,64,243 1,33,923
Amritsar 7,11,142 6,23,469
Tarn Taran 75,047 66,748
Kapurthala 1,50,379 1,32,083
Jalandhar 6,16,421 5,44,750
SBS Nagar 75,173 60,243
Hoshiarpur 1,74,587 1,60,382
Rupnagar 93,396 84,411
SAS Nagar 2,88,269 2,56,342
Ludhiana 11,14,372 9,55,336
Ferozepur 1,53,433 1,32,034
Fazilka 1,41,996 1,25,093
Faridkot 1,15,889 1,01,162
Sri Muktsar Sahib 1,33,420 1,18,771
Moga 1,20,216 1,07,030
Bathinda 2,68,713 2,30,504
Mansa 86,548 77,056
Sangrur 2,73,376 2,42,589
Barnala 1,02,312 88,373
Patiala 4,03,722 3,59,558
Fatehgarh Sahib 1,00,745 84,737
Punjab (whole) 55,45,989 48,53,157

Fertility rate

The table below shows the birth rate per 1000 persons in Punjab through the years.[8]

Birth rate per 1000 in Punjab through the years
Year Total Urban Rural
2017 14.9 14.1 15.6
2016 14.9 14.2 15.6
2015 15.2 14.2 15.9
2014 15.5 14.5 16.2
2013 15.7 14.7 16.3
2012 15.9 14.8 16.5
2011 16.2 15.2 16.8
2010 16.6 15.6 17.2
2009 17.0 15.8 17.7
2008 17.3 16.1 18
2007 17.6 16.4 18.3
2006 17.8 16.8 18.4
2005 18.1 17.0 18.8
2004 18.7 17.6 19.3

According to the National Family Health Survey of 2015–16, the percentage of women age 15-19 who have begun childbearing (teenage pregnancy) was 2.6%.[9]

The table below shows the variation the fertility rate (children per woman) according to the education of a woman in Punjab, as of 2019–21.

Fertility rate by number of years of schooling completed by women in Punjab as of year 2019–21, NFHS-5[10]
Years of schooling Fertility rate
No schooling 2.5
<5 years 2.5
5–9 years 2.0
10–11 years 1.9
12 or more years 1.5

Family planning

According to the National Family Health Survey 2020–21, the unmet need for family planning increased from 6.2% in 2015–16 to 9.9% in 2020–21. In the same time period, the unmet need for child spacing increased from 2.4 to 3.7 percent.[11]

Current Use of Family Planning Methods (currently married women age 15–49 years)[11]
Indicator Urban (2020–21) Rural (2020–21) Total (2020–21) Total (2015–16)
Any method (%) 68.4 65.4 66.6 75.8
Any modern method (%) 49.4 51.1 50.5 66.3
Female sterilization (%) 18.0 25.6 22.8 37.5
Male sterilization (%) 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6
IUD/PPIUD (%) 2.8 3.2 3.1 6.8
Pill (%) 1.1 1.7 1.5 2.5
Condom (%) 26.6 19.7 22.2 18.9
Injectables (%) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Mortality

Infant mortality

The list below shows the infant mortality rate per 1000 in Punjab, through the years.[8]

Infant mortality rate per 1000 live births per year, in Punjab through the years
Year Total Urban Rural
2017 21 19 22
2016 21 18 23
2015 23 20 24
2014 24 21 26
2013 26 23 28
2012 30 25 33
2011 30 25 33
2010 34 31 37
2009 38 38 42
2008 41 33 45
2007 43 35 47

Maternal mortality

The table below shows the maternal mortality rate per one lakh (1,00,000) per year, through the years.[8]

Maternal mortality rate per one lakh (1,00,000) per year, in Punjab through the years[8]
Year Rate
2017 122
2016 122
2015 122
2014 122
2013 141
2012 141
2011 141
2006 192

Literacy rate

According to the 2011 census, the literacy rate of Punjab was 75.84%. The male literacy was 80.44% and the female literacy was 70.73%.[12] The median number of years of schooling completed in the state was 6.5 for females and 7.8 for males, as of 2011.[13]

District

The table given below shows the literacy rate by district for year 2011 in descending order.[14][12]

Literacy rate by districts - Census 2011
Sr. No. District Percentage
1 Hoshiarpur 84.59%
2 Mohali 83.80%
3 Jalandhar 82.48%
4 Ludhiana 82.20%
5 Rupnagar 82.19%
6 Gurdaspur 79.95%
7 Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar 79.78%
8 Fatehgarh Sahib 79.35%
9 Kapurthala 79.07%
10 Amritsar 76.27%
11 Patiala 75.28%
12 Moga 70.68%
13 Faridkot 69.55%
14 Firozpur 68.92%
15 Bathinda 68.28%
16 Sangrur 67.99%
17 Barnala 67.82%
18 Tarn Taran 67.81%
19 Muktsar 65.81%
20 Mansa 61.83%

Urban and Rural areas

The table given below shows the urban rural literacy rate of Punjab by district, in the year 2011.[15]

Urban-Rural literacy rate of Punjab (2011)
Districts Urban % Rural %
Amritsar 74.58% 59.64%
Barnala 65.78% 57.90%
Bathinda 70.45% 55.46%
Faridkot 69.79% 57.38%
Fatehgarh Sahib 74.24% 69.53%
Firozpur 69.98% 56.95%
Gurdaspur 78.59% 68.12%
Hoshiarpur 78.77% 74.77%
Jalandhar 77.03% 70.53%
Kapurthala 76.40% 67.73%
Ludhiana 75.28% 70.12%
Mansa 67.43% 51.68%
Moga 70.36% 60.90%
Muktsar 67.29% 54.66%
Patiala 75.72% 60.83%
Rupnagar 77.50% 72.00
Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar 77.67% 69.68%
Sangrur 66.52% 57.83%
Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar 74.04% 70.98%
Tarn Taran 67.74% 58.30%
Total 74.14% 63.41%

Religion

The table below shows the literacy rate by religion in Punjab, according to 2001 census.[16]

Literacy rate by religion in Punjab - Census 2001
Sr. No. Religion Percentage
1 Jains 95.9%
2 Hindus 74.6%
3 Buddhists 72.7%
4 Sikhs 67.3%
5 Christians 54.6%
6 Muslims 51.2%
All religious groups 69.7%

Caste

The table below gives the literacy rate of Scheduled castes by district, according to the 2011 census.[17][18][19][20]

Scheduled caste (SC) literacy rate by districts - Census 2011[21]
Sr. No. District SC Percentage District total
1 Hoshiarpur 82.49% 84.59%
2 Rupnagar 78.4% 82.19%
3 Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar 77.72 % 79.78%
4 SAS Nagar 76.1% 83.80%
5 Jalandhar 76.68% 82.48%
6 Gurdaspur 72.89% 79.95%
7 Ludhiana 72.65% 82.20%
8 Fatehgarh Sahib 72.19% 79.35%
9 Kapurthala 71.29% 79.07%
10 Patiala 62.28% 75.28%
11 Amritsar 59.16% 76.27%
12 Sangrur 57.60% 67.99%
13 Moga 55.23% 70.68%
14 Firozpur 55.38% 68.92%
15 Faridkot 54.91% 69.55%
16 Barnala 54.91% 67.82%
17 Bathinda 53.09% 68.28%
18 Tarn Taran 51.37% 67.81%
19 Muktsar 50.46% 65.81%
20 Mansa 48.72% 61.83%
Punjab 64.81% 75.84%.

Scheduled caste (SC) population among different religions in Punjab - Census 2011[22]

Religion Total Population Scheduled Caste Population Scheduled Caste Population %
Sikh 16,004,754 5,390,484 33.68%
Hindu 10,678,138 3,442,305 32.23%
Buddhist 33,237 27,390 82.40%

Human Development Index

The table below shows the district wise human development index of Punjab through the years.[23]

Human Development index of Punjab by district[23]
Sr. No. District 2017 2011 2001 1991 Percentage change 1991–2017
1 Ludhiana 0.794 0.747 0.761 0.650 22.1%
2 Moga 0.695 0.679 0.683 -- --
3 Sangrur 0.669 0.666 0.654 0.534 25.2%
4 Bathinda 0.659 0.740 0.539 22.2%
5 Tarn Taran 0.654 0.646 -- -- --
6 SAS Nagar 0.653 0.701 -- -- --
7 Fatehgarh Sahib 0.648 0.69 0.74 -- --
8 Kapurthala 0.646 0.703 0.707 0.603 7.3%
9 Amritsar 0.635 0.685 0.700 0.608 4.4%
10 Rupnagar 0.629 0.675 0.751 0.623 0.9%
11 SBS Nagar 0.627 0.707 0.707 -- --
12 Jalandhar 0.618 0.738 0.708 0.610 1.3%
13 Barnala 0.617 0.649 -- -- --
14 Hoshiarpur 0.615 0.721 0.718 0.606 1.4%
15 Patiala 0.607 0.695 0.697 0.589 3.0%
16 Mansa 0.601 0.595 0.633 -- --
17 Faridkot 0.599 0.642 0.698 0.573 4.5%
18 Muktsar 0.572 0.633 0.651 -- --
19 Firozpur 0.563 0.606 0.689 0.568 -0.8%
20 Pathankot 0.538 -- -- -- --
21 Fazilka 0.505 -- -- -- --
22 Gurdaspur 0.503 0.673 0.723 0.612 -17.6%
Punjab 0.620 0.643 0.667 0.591 4.9%

Caste population

As of September 2020, the caste population data foreach Forward caste citizen in Punjab collected in Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 has not been released to public by Government of India.[24][25] Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes form 63.2% of the total population of Punjab.[26]

Castes of Punjab (2011)

  Scheduled Castes (Dalits) (31.9%)
  Upper castes (UC) (33%)
  Other Backward Classes (OBC or BC) (31.3%)
  religious minorities (3.8%)
Caste Population data of Punjab
Constitutional categories Population (%) Castes
Other Backward Classes (OBC) 31.3%[27][28] includes Sainis,[29] Sunar, Kamboj, Labana, Tarkhan/Ramgarhia, Kumhar/Prajapati, Arain, Gujjar, Teli, Banjara, Lohar, Bhat,[30] Others
Scheduled Castes (Dalits not including Rai Sikh statistics[31]) 31.9%[32] includes Mazhabi Sikh - 10%, Ramdasia Sikh/Ravidassia (Chamar)/Ad-Dharmi - 13.1%, Balmiki/Bhanghi - 3.5%, Bazigar - 1.05%, Others - 4%[33]
Others 33% includes Jat Sikh and Hindu Jat - 21%,[34] Brahmin, Khatri, Arora, Rajput (includes Sikh Rajputs), Sood, Bania, Bhatia (remaining 12%)
religious minorities 3.8%[35] includes Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Jains

Below is the list of districts according to the percentage of their SC population, according to 2011 census.[12][17][36][37]

Scheduled Caste population by district (2011)[17]
Sr. No. District Percentage
1 Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar 42.51%
2 Muktsar 42.31%
3 Fazilka 42.27%
4 Firozpur 42.07%
5 Jalandhar 38.95%
6 Faridkot 38.92%
7 Moga 36.50%
8 Hoshiarpur 35.14%
9 Kapurthala 33.94%
10 Tarn Taran 33.71%
11 Mansa 33.63%
12 Bathinda 32.44%
13 Barnala 32.24%
14 Fatehgarh Sahib 32.07%
15 Amritsar 30.95%
16 Pathankot 30.60%
17 Sangrur 27.89%
18 Ludhiana 26.39%
19 Rupnagar 25.42%
20 Patiala 24.55%
21 Gurdaspur 23.03%
22 SAS Nagar 21.74%

Crimes against SC/STs

The table below shows the number of recorded crimes against scheduled caste and scheduled tribe people from 2010 to 2018.[38]

Crimes against scheduled caste and scheduled tribe people in Punjab[38]
Year Murder Rape POA Act Hurt Kidnapping Miscellaneous
2018 13 30 32 6 4 82
2017 7 17 31 3 2 58
2016 7 16 41 1 3 64
2015 8 14 23 5 3 94
2014 4 19 16 2 3 79
2013 7 22 13 37 8 39
2012 4 12 8 21 2 24
2011 5 9 24 27 2 22
2010 4 18 50 13 0 30

Urbanization

The table below shows the percentage of rural population in each district of Punjab in ascending order, according to the 2011 census.[39]

Percentage of rural population by district - Census 2011[39]
Sr. No. District Rural percentage
1 Ludhiana 40.84%
2 SAS Nagar 45.24%
3 Amritsar 46.42%
4 Jalandhar 47.07%
5 Pathankot 55.93%
6 Patiala 59.74%
7 Bathinda 64.05%
8 Faridkot 64.85%
9 Kapurthala 65.35%
10 Barnala 67.98%
11 Sangrur 68.83%
12 Fatehgarh Sahib 69.02%
13 Ferozepur 71.54%
14 Sri Muktsar Sahib 72.04%
15 Fazilka 73.97%
16 Rupnagar 74.03%
17 Moga 77.18%
18 Gurdaspur 77.73%
19 Mansa 78.75%
20 Hoshiarpur 78.89%
21 SBS Nagar 79.52%
22 Tarn Taran 87.34%
Punjab (whole) 62.52%

Languages spoken

Languages of Punjab (2011)[40][41]

  Punjabi (official) (89.82%)
  Hindi (7.85%)
  Others (2.83%)

The Punjabi language written in the Gurmukhi script is the official language of the state.[42] Muslims form a slight majority in the Malerkotla town and use Shahmukhi for communication.[43] Punjabi is the sole official language of Punjab and is spoken by the majority of the population numbering around 24,919,067 constituting (89.82%) of the population as of 2011 census report. Hindi is the second largest language, spoken by 2,177,853 constituting 7.85% of the population. And the remaining 646,418 spoke other Indian languages, comprising 2.83% in the Others category.[40]

Religion in Punjab

Religions in Punjab, India (2011)

  Sikhism (57.69%)
  Hinduism (38.49%)
  Islam (1.93%)
  Christianity (1.26%)
  Jainism (0.16%)
  Buddhism (0.12%)
  Others/not stated (0.35%)

2001 and 2011 census

Sikhism is the most practiced faith in Punjab, practiced by 16 million people representing 57.69% of the population of Punjab population, making it the only Sikh-majority state in India. Around 38.49% of the population i.e. 10.67 million practice Hinduism, while Islam is followed by 5.35 lakhs comprising 1.93% of the state population.[44] Other faiths include Buddhism, Christianity and Jainism.[45]

Religion in Punjab
Religion 2001[46] 2011[47]
Sikhism 14,592,387 16,004,754
Hinduism 8,997,942 10,678,138
Islam 382,045 535,489
Christianity 292,800 348,230
Jainism 39,276 45,040
Buddhism 41,487 33,237
Other 8,594 10,886
Not stated n/a 87,564
Total 24,358,999 27,743,338
Religion in Punjab (%)
Religion 2001[46] 2011[46]
Sikhism 59.90 57.69
Hinduism 36.94 38.49
Islam 1.57 1.93
Christianity 1.20 1.26
Jainism 0.16 0.16
Buddhism 0.17 0.12
Other 0.03 0.04
Not stated n/a 0.31

Urban and rural areas

The table given below shows the religion in the urban areas of Punjab, according to 2011 census.[48]

Religion in urban areas of Punjab
Religion Percentage

%

Urban population
Hindu 60.41% 6,282,072
Sikh 35.16% 3,656,299
Muslim 2.47% 256,664
Christian 1.01% 105,253
Jain 0.39% 40,674
Buddhist 0.09% 9,660
Other religions and persuasions 0.04% 4,240
Religion not stated 0.43% 44,284
Total 10,399,146

The table given below shows the religion in the rural areas of Punjab, according to 2011 census.[48]

Religion in rural areas of Punjab
Religion Percentage

%

Rural population
Sikh 71.20% 12,348,455
Hindu 25.35% 4,396,066
Muslim 1.61% 278,825
Christian 1.40% 242,977
Buddhist 0.14% 23,577
Jain 0.03% 4,366
Other religions and persuasions 0.04% 6,646
Religion not stated 0.25% 43,280
Total 17,344,192

The table below shows the population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of Punjab.

Absolute numbers of different religious groups in Punjab[49]
Religion Urban (2011) Rural (2011) Urban (2001) Rural (2001) Urban (1991) Rural (1991)
Hindu 62,82,072 43,96,066 49,33,743 40,64,199 29,81,804 32,18,391
Sikh 36,56,299 1,23,48,455 30,24,950 1,15,67,437 15,42,623 86,56,518
Christian 1,05,253 2,42,977 81,642 2,11,160 33,503 1,51,431
Muslim 2,56,664 2,78,825 1,66,529 2,15,518 60,395 1,07,699
Other religions 98,858 77,869 55,649 38,176 29,432 7,119

1941 census

East Punjab region

Religions in East Punjab, India region (1941)[50]: 42 [c]

  Hinduism[d] (46.93%)
  Islam (30.86%)
  Sikhism (21.19%)
  Christianity (0.69%)
  Jainism (0.21%)
  Others[e] (0.12%)

Prior to partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1941 Indian census.

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of East Punjab, India region (1941)[50]: 42 [c]
District/
Princely State 		Hinduism [d] Islam Sikhism Christianity Jainism Others[e] Total
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Patiala State 597,488 30.86% 436,539 22.55% 896,021 46.28% 1,592 0.08% 3,101 0.16% 1,518 0.08% 1,936,259 100%
Firozpur District 287,733 20.22% 641,448 45.07% 479,486 33.69% 12,607 0.89% 1,674 0.12% 128 0.01% 1,423,076 100%
Amritsar District 217,431 15.38% 657,695 46.52% 510,845 36.13% 25,973 1.84% 1,911 0.14% 21 0% 1,413,876 100%
Hoshiarpur District 584,080 49.91% 380,759 32.53% 198,194 16.93% 6,165 0.53% 1,125 0.1% 0 0% 1,170,323 100%
Jalandhar District 311,010 27.59% 509,804 45.23% 298,741 26.5% 6,233 0.55% 1,395 0.12% 7 0% 1,127,190 100%
Hisar District 652,842 64.85% 285,208 28.33% 60,731 6.03% 1,292 0.13% 6,126 0.61% 510 0.05% 1,006,709 100%
Karnal District 666,301 66.99% 304,346 30.6% 19,887 2% 1,249 0.13% 2,789 0.28% 3 0% 994,575 100%
Rohtak District 780,474 81.61% 166,569 17.42% 1,466 0.15% 1,043 0.11% 6,847 0.72% 0 0% 956,399 100%
Kangra District 846,531 94.12% 43,249 4.81% 4,809 0.53% 788 0.09% 101 0.01% 3,899 0.43% 899,377 100%
Gurdaspur District[f] 174,221 19.98% 440,323 50.5% 210,688 24.16% 46,743 5.36% 25 0% 6 0% 872,006 100%
Gurgaon District 560,537 65.83% 285,992 33.59% 637 0.07% 1,673 0.2% 2,613 0.31% 6 0% 851,458 100%
Ambala District 412,658 48.68% 268,999 31.73% 156,543 18.47% 6,065 0.72% 3,065 0.36% 415 0.05% 847,745 100%
Ludhiana District 171,715 20.98% 302,482 36.95% 341,175 41.68% 1,913 0.23% 1,279 0.16% 51 0.01% 818,615 100%
Kapurthala State 61,546 16.27% 213,754 56.49% 88,350 23.35% 1,667 0.44% 380 0.1% 12,683 3.35% 378,380 100%
Jind State 268,355 74.17% 50,972 14.09% 40,981 11.33% 161 0.04% 1,294 0.36% 49 0.01% 361,812 100%
Simla Hill States 345,716 96.16% 10,812 3.01% 2,693 0.75% 161 0.04% 126 0.04% 12 0% 359,520 100%
Nabha State 146,518 42.59% 70,373 20.45% 122,451 35.59% 221 0.06% 480 0.14% 1 0% 344,044 100%
Mandi State 227,463 97.79% 4,328 1.86% 583 0.25% 11 0% 0 0% 208 0.09% 232,593 100%
Faridkot State 21,814 10.95% 61,352 30.79% 115,070 57.74% 247 0.12% 800 0.4% 0 0% 199,283 100%
Chamba State 155,910 92.3% 12,318 7.29% 107 0.06% 190 0.11% 0 0% 383 0.23% 168,908 100%
Sirmoor State 146,199 93.7% 7,374 4.73% 2,334 1.5% 38 0.02% 81 0.05% 0 0% 156,026 100%
Bilaspur State 108,375 98.22% 1,498 1.36% 453 0.41% 7 0.01% 3 0% 0 0% 110,336 100%
Malerkotla State 23,482 26.65% 33,881 38.45% 30,320 34.41% 116 0.13% 310 0.35% 0 0% 88,109 100%
Suket State 69,974 98.43% 884 1.24% 234 0.33% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 71,092 100%
Kalsia State 29,866 44.32% 25,049 37.17% 12,235 18.15% 55 0.08% 188 0.28% 0 0% 67,393 100%
Simla District 29,466 76.38% 7,022 18.2% 1,032 2.68% 934 2.42% 114 0.3% 8 0.02% 38,576 100%
Dujana State 23,727 77.37% 6,939 22.63% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 30,666 100%
Loharu State 23,923 85.77% 3,960 14.2% 7 0.03% 2 0.01% 0 0% 0 0% 27,892 100%
Pataudi State 17,728 82.38% 3,655 16.98% 0 0% 9 0.04% 128 0.59% 0 0% 21,520 100%
Total 7,963,083 46.93% 5,237,584 30.86% 3,596,073 21.19% 117,155 0.69% 35,955 0.21% 19,908 0.12% 16,969,758 100%
Note: Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.

Contemporary Punjab state

Religions in contemporary Punjab State, India region (1941)[50]: 42 [b]

  Islam (38.38%)
  Sikhism (33.70%)
  Hinduism[d] (26.59%)
  Christianity (1.06%)
  Jainism (0.13%)
  Others[e] (0.15%)

The religious demography according to the 1941 census for the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India is also shown below, broken down by district and princely state with an overall total.

Religion in the Districts & Princely States that comprise contemporary Punjab State, India region (1941)[50]: 42 [b]
District/
Princely State 		Islam Sikhism Hinduism [d] Christianity Jainism Others[e] Total
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Patiala State 436,539 22.55% 896,021 46.28% 597,488 30.86% 1,592 0.08% 3,101 0.16% 1,518 0.08% 1,936,259 100%
Firozpur District 641,448 45.07% 479,486 33.69% 287,733 20.22% 12,607 0.89% 1,674 0.12% 128 0.01% 1,423,076 100%
Amritsar District 657,695 46.52% 510,845 36.13% 217,431 15.38% 25,973 1.84% 1,911 0.14% 21 0% 1,413,876 100%
Hoshiarpur District 380,759 32.53% 198,194 16.93% 584,080 49.91% 6,165 0.53% 1,125 0.1% 0 0% 1,170,323 100%
Jalandhar District 509,804 45.23% 298,741 26.5% 311,010 27.59% 6,233 0.55% 1,395 0.12% 7 0% 1,127,190 100%
Gurdaspur District[f] 440,323 50.5% 210,688 24.16% 174,221 19.98% 46,743 5.36% 25 0% 6 0% 872,006 100%
Ludhiana District 302,482 36.95% 341,175 41.68% 171,715 20.98% 1,913 0.23% 1,279 0.16% 51 0.01% 818,615 100%
Kapurthala State 213,754 56.49% 88,350 23.35% 61,546 16.27% 1,667 0.44% 380 0.1% 12,683 3.35% 378,380 100%
Nabha State 70,373 20.45% 122,451 35.59% 146,518 42.59% 221 0.06% 480 0.14% 1 0% 344,044 100%
Faridkot State 61,352 30.79% 115,070 57.74% 21,814 10.95% 247 0.12% 800 0.4% 0 0% 199,283 100%
Malerkotla State 33,881 38.45% 30,320 34.41% 23,482 26.65% 116 0.13% 310 0.35% 0 0% 88,109 100%
Total 3,748,410 38.38% 3,291,341 33.7% 2,597,038 26.59% 103,477 1.06% 12,480 0.13% 14,415 0.15% 9,767,161 100%
Note: Territory comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India.

1931 census

East Punjab region

Religions in East Punjab, India region (1931)[51]: 277 [g]

  Hinduism[d] (48.86%)
  Islam (30.17%)
  Sikhism (20.01%)
  Christianity (0.65%)
  Jainism (0.25%)
  Others[e] (0.05%)

This region includes the eastern portion of British Punjab Province that was ultimately awarded to India as part of the Radcliffe Line, including the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1931 Indian census.

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of East Punjab, India region (1931)[51]: 277 [g]
District/
Princely State 		Hinduism [d] Islam Sikhism Christianity Jainism Others[e] Total
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Patiala State 623,597 38.36% 363,920 22.39% 632,972 38.94% 1,449 0.09% 3,578 0.22% 4 0% 1,625,520 100%
Firozpur District 244,688 21.15% 515,430 44.56% 388,108 33.55% 7,070 0.61% 1,411 0.12% 25 0% 1,156,732 100%
Amritsar District 174,556 15.63% 524,676 46.97% 399,951 35.8% 16,619 1.49% 1,272 0.11% 46 0% 1,117,120 100%
Hoshiarpur District 526,182 50.98% 328,078 31.78% 173,147 16.77% 3,764 0.36% 1,016 0.1% 0 0% 1,032,187 100%
Jalandhar District 268,822 28.49% 419,556 44.46% 249,571 26.45% 4,323 0.46% 1,379 0.15% 70 0.01% 943,721 100%
Hisar District 583,429 64.86% 253,784 28.21% 55,169 6.13% 1,107 0.12% 5,988 0.67% 2 0% 899,479 100%
Karnal District 570,297 66.89% 259,730 30.46% 16,928 1.99% 1,469 0.17% 4,190 0.49% 0 0% 852,614 100%
Rohtak District 655,963 81.42% 137,880 17.11% 596 0.07% 4,807 0.6% 6,375 0.79% 0 0% 805,621 100%
Kangra District 752,098 93.86% 40,483 5.05% 2,396 0.3% 576 0.07% 94 0.01% 5,665 0.71% 801,312 100%
Ambala District 346,809 46.68% 230,837 31.07% 155,555 20.94% 7,141 0.96% 2,550 0.34% 10 0% 742,902 100%
Gurgaon District 493,174 66.63% 242,357 32.74% 500 0.07% 1,463 0.2% 2,665 0.36% 4 0% 740,163 100%
Gurdaspur District[f] 154,631 21.37% 367,388 50.78% 162,741 22.49% 38,756 5.36% 15 0% 4 0% 723,535 100%
Ludhiana District 120,161 17.87% 235,598 35.03% 312,829 46.52% 2,477 0.37% 1,419 0.21% 10 0% 672,494 100%
Simla Hill States 317,390 95.93% 10,017 3.03% 1,817 0.55% 176 0.05% 141 0.04% 1,309 0.4% 330,850 100%
Jind State 243,561 75.02% 46,002 14.17% 33,290 10.25% 210 0.06% 1,613 0.5% 0 0% 324,676 100%
Kapurthala State 64,319 20.31% 179,251 56.59% 72,177 22.79% 983 0.31% 27 0.01% 0 0% 316,757 100%
Nabha State 132,354 46.02% 57,393 19.96% 97,452 33.89% 66 0.02% 309 0.11% 0 0% 287,574 100%
Mandi State 199,935 96.37% 6,351 3.06% 899 0.43% 141 0.07% 0 0% 139 0.07% 207,465 100%
Faridkot State 20,855 12.69% 49,912 30.37% 92,880 56.51% 167 0.1% 550 0.33% 0 0% 164,364 100%
Sirmoor State 139,031 93.58% 7,020 4.73% 2,413 1.62% 52 0.04% 52 0.04% 0 0% 148,568 100%
Chamba State 135,254 92.09% 10,839 7.38% 112 0.08% 94 0.06% 3 0% 568 0.39% 146,870 100%
Bilaspur State 99,023 98.05% 1,458 1.44% 507 0.5% 6 0.01% 0 0% 0 0% 100,994 100%
Malerkotla State 21,252 25.58% 31,417 37.82% 28,982 34.89% 135 0.16% 1,286 1.55% 0 0% 83,072 100%
Kalsia State 28,832 48.18% 21,797 36.42% 9,035 15.1% 22 0.04% 162 0.27% 0 0% 59,848 100%
Suket State 57,616 98.64% 733 1.25% 44 0.08% 1 0% 0 0% 14 0.02% 58,408 100%
Simla District 28,661 77.91% 5,810 15.79% 760 2.07% 1,540 4.19% 1 0% 14 0.04% 36,786 100%
Dujana State 22,347 79.2% 5,863 20.78% 1 0% 5 0.02% 0 0% 0 0% 28,216 100%
Loharu State 20,198 86.55% 3,119 13.36% 2 0.01% 1 0% 18 0.08% 0 0% 23,338 100%
Pataudi State 15,596 82.64% 3,168 16.79% 1 0.01% 3 0.02% 105 0.56% 0 0% 18,873 100%
Total 7,060,631 48.86% 4,359,867 30.17% 2,890,835 20.01% 94,623 0.65% 36,219 0.25% 7,884 0.05% 14,450,059 100%
Note: Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.

Contemporary Punjab state

Religions in contemporary Punjab State, India region (1931)[51]: 277 [a]

  Islam (37.83%)
  Sikhism (32.14%)
  Hinduism[d] (28.95%)
  Christianity (0.93%)
  Jainism (0.15%)
  Others[e] (0.002%)

The religious demography according to the 1931 census for the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India is also shown below, broken down by district and princely state with an overall total.

Religion in the Districts & Princely States that comprise contemporary Punjab State, India region (1931)[51]: 277 [a]
District/
Princely State 		Islam Sikhism Hinduism [d] Christianity Jainism Others[e] Total
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Patiala State 363,920 22.39% 632,972 38.94% 623,597 38.36% 1,449 0.09% 3,578 0.22% 4 0% 1,625,520 100%
Firozpur District 515,430 44.56% 388,108 33.55% 244,688 21.15% 7,070 0.61% 1,411 0.12% 25 0% 1,156,732 100%
Amritsar District 524,676 46.97% 399,951 35.8% 174,556 15.63% 16,619 1.49% 1,272 0.11% 46 0% 1,117,120 100%
Hoshiarpur District 328,078 31.78% 173,147 16.77% 526,182 50.98% 3,764 0.36% 1,016 0.1% 0 0% 1,032,187 100%
Jalandhar District 419,556 44.46% 249,571 26.45% 268,822 28.49% 4,323 0.46% 1,379 0.15% 70 0.01% 943,721 100%
Gurdaspur District[f] 367,388 50.78% 162,741 22.49% 154,631 21.37% 38,756 5.36% 15 0% 4 0% 723,535 100%
Ludhiana District 235,598 35.03% 312,829 46.52% 120,161 17.87% 2,477 0.37% 1,419 0.21% 10 0% 672,494 100%
Kapurthala State 179,251 56.59% 72,177 22.79% 64,319 20.31% 983 0.31% 27 0.01% 0 0% 316,757 100%
Nabha State 57,393 19.96% 97,452 33.89% 132,354 46.02% 66 0.02% 309 0.11% 0 0% 287,574 100%
Faridkot State 49,912 30.37% 92,880 56.51% 20,855 12.69% 167 0.1% 550 0.33% 0 0% 164,364 100%
Malerkotla State 31,417 37.82% 28,982 34.89% 21,252 25.58% 135 0.16% 1,286 1.55% 0 0% 83,072 100%
Total 3,072,619 37.83% 2,610,810 32.14% 2,351,417 28.95% 75,809 0.93% 12,262 0.15% 159 0.002% 8,123,076 100%
Note: Territory comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India.

Sikhism in Punjab

Main articles: Sikhs and Sikhism in India
Decadal Sikh Population in Punjab, India
YearPop.±%
1931 2,610,810—    
1941 3,281,341+25.7%
1951 5,553,918+69.3%
1961 6,178,516+11.2%
1971 8,160,232+32.1%
1981 10,199,534+25.0%
1991 12,768,393+25.2%
2001 14,592,868+14.3%
2011 16,004,754+9.7%
Source: census of India[a][b][52][53]
Sikh pilgrims at the causeway to the sanctum of the Harmandir Sahib, the holiest Sikh Gurdwara

Sikhism was born in the Punjab area of South Asia, which now falls into the present day states of India and Pakistan. The main religions of the area at the time were Hinduism and Islam.The Sikh faith began around 1500 CE, when Guru Nanak began teaching a faith that was quite distinct from Hinduism and Islam. Nine Gurus followed Nanak and developed the Sikh faith and community over the next centuries.[54]

The Sikh population in India's Punjab have grown from 5.53 million in 1951 to 16 million in 2011 census (an increase of 10.47 million in last 60 years). Sikhs in Punjab have the lowest fertility rate of 1.6 children per women as per census 2011.[55]

Decadal percentage of Sikhs in Punjab, India[a][b][52][53]

Year Percent Increase
1931 32.14% N/A
1941 33.70% +1.56%
1951 60.62% +26.99%
1961 55.48% -5.14%
1971 60.22% +4.74%
1981 60.75% +0.53%
1991 62.95% +2.2%
2001 59.91% -3.04%
2011 57.69% -2.22%

After the 1947 Partition of Punjab, Sikhs became the majority religious group in Indian Punjab mainly due to the immigration of 2 million Sikhs from Pakistan into Indian Punjab, which have ultimately resulted in an increase in Sikh percentage from 32.83% in 1941 to 60.62% in 1951.[52][53][56] While population that adheres to Sikh faith has increased, the percentage of Sikhs has declined from 60.62% in 1951 to 57.69% (a decline of 2.93% in last 60 years).

Hinduism in Punjab

Main article: Punjabi Hindus
Decadal Hindu Population in Punjab, India
YearPop.±%
1931 2,351,417—    
1941 2,597,038+10.4%
1951 3,449,844+32.8%
1961 4,256,936+23.4%
1971 5,087,067+19.5%
1981 6,200,146+21.9%
1991 6,989,166+12.7%
2001 8,998,214+28.7%
2011 10,678,410+18.7%
Source: census of India[a][b][52][53][57]

Hinduism is the second largest and fastest growing religion in the Indian state of Punjab with around 38.5% followers as of 2011 census. Hinduism is the 2nd largest religion of Punjabi peoples. It was the largest religion in Punjab before the advent of Islam from the West and birth of Sikhism in Punjab region from the east.[58]

Decadal percentage of Hindus in Punjab, India[a][b][52][53][57]

Year Percent Increase
1931 28.95% N/A
1941 26.59% -2.36%
1951 37.66% +11.04%
1961 38.23% +0.57%
1971 37.54% -0.69%
1981 36.93% -0.61%
1991 34.46% -2.47%
2001 36.94% +2.48%
2011 38.49% +1.55%

The Hindu percentage remained stable for decades. The Hindu percentage have increased from 37.66% in 1951 to 38.49% in 2011.

The Hindu population have increased from 3.44 million in 1951 to 10.67 million in 2011 (a growth of 7.23 million in 6 decades). Hindus in Punjab have a fertility rate of 1.9 children per women as per as census 2011.[59]

Islam in Punjab

Main articles: Punjabi Muslims and Islam in Punjab, India
Decadal Muslim Population in Punjab, India
YearPop.±%
1931 3,072,619—    
1941 3,748,410+22.0%
1947 90,172−97.6%
1951 110,160+22.2%
1961 181,234+64.5%
1971 252,688+39.4%
1981 321,287+27.1%
1991 390,077+21.4%
2001 382,045−2.1%
2011 535,489+40.2%
Source: Census of India[a][b]
A photo of a mosque in Punjab, India

The Muslim population in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India reduced from approximately 38.4% according to the 1941 census[b] to 0.5% in 1947 as a result of Partition of Punjab riots which were caused during 1947 mainly in the various parts of East Punjab.

Prior to partition, according to the 1941 census, approximately 3.75 million Muslims resided in the region that forms the contemporary state of Punjab in India.[b] At the time, Muslims formed the largest religious community in the region, comprising a narrow plurality at approximately 38.4 percent of the total population.[b] Following the partition of India, the vast majority departed the region en masse, migrating westward to the Punjab region that fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line, in the contemporary state of Punjab, Pakistan.

Most native Punjabi Muslims now live in Malerkotla, and it is the only district where communal violence haven't occurred during partition because Guru Gobind Singh Ji have promised the Nawab of Malerkotla, Sher Mohammad Khan that the Muslim community in Malerkotla would never be harmed in the future times to come and as a result of Guru ji's blessing words, most of the Muslims were able to stayed back there.[60][61] Apart from Malerkotla, most of the Muslims living in other parts of Punjab are non-native and have came from neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir on temporary basis as immigrants workers (small scale) and students.

Muslims in Punjab have a fertility rate of 2.4 children per women as per 2011 census.[59] Islam is the fastest-growing religion in Punjab.[62]

Decadal percentage of Muslims in Punjab, India[a][b][63][64][57] [65]

Year Percent Increase
1931 37.83% N/A
1941 38.38% +0.55%
1947 0.5% -37.92%
1951 0.63% +0.13%
1961 0.82% +0.19%
1971 0.93% +0.11%
1981 1% +0.07%
1991 1.18% +0.18%
2001 1.57% +0.39%
2011 1.93% +0.36%

Religious population by districts

Religious population by district (2011)[45]
# District Sikh Hindu Muslim Christian Jain Buddhist Other religions Religion not stated
1 Amritsar 1,716,935 690,939 12,502 54,344 3,152 876 5,488 10,864
2 Barnala 467,751 112,859 13,100 622 246 108 481 360
3 Bathinda 984,286 380,569 16,299 2,474 1,266 246 559 2,826
4 Faridkot 469,789 141,363 3,125 1,227 1,109 155 103 637
5 Fatehgarh Sahib 427,521 152,851 16,808 1,698 178 48 251 808
6 Firozpur 1,090,815 906,408 6,844 19,358 1,143 454 278 3,774
7 Gurdaspur 1,002,874 1,074,332 27,667 176,587 580 405 812 15,066
8 Hoshiarpur 538,208 1,000,743 23,089 14,968 2034 3,476 531 3,576
9 Jalandhar 718,363 1,394,329 30,233 26,016 4,011 11,385 805 8,448
10 Kapurthala 453,692 336,124 10,190 5,445 553 6,662 334 2,168
11 Ludhiana 1,863,408 1,502,403 77,713 16,517 19,620 2,007 1,254 15,817
12 Mansa 598,443 156,539 10,656 917 1,577 123 493 1,284
13 Moga 818,921 158,414 9,388 3,277 436 178 365 4,767
14 Muktsar 638,625 254,920 4,333 1,681 744 240 433 920
15 Patiala 1,059,944 783,306 40,043 5,683 1,914 245 1,410 3,141
16 Rupnagar 361,045 304,481 14,492 2,094 653 118 143 1,601
17 Mohali 478,908 476,276 29,488 5,342 1,257 257 239 2,861
18 Sangrur 1,077,438 389,410 179,116 2,406 3,222 268 1,038 2,271
19 Nawanshehar 192,885 401,368 6,829 1,479 695 5,885 266 2,903
20 Tarn Taran 1,044,903 60,504 3,855 6,095 650 101 47 3,472
Punjab (Total)
 16,004,754 10,678,138 535,489 348,230 45,040 33,237 10,886 87,564
Religious population proportion by district (2011)[45]
# District Sikh Hindu Muslim Christian Jain Buddhist Other religions Religion not stated
1 Amritsar 68.94% 27.74% 0.50% 2.18% 0.13% 0.04% 0.04% 0.44%
2 Barnala 78.54% 18.95% 2.20% 0.10% 0.04% 0.02% 0.08% 0.06%
3 Bathinda 70.89% 27.41% 1.17% 0.18% 0.09% 0.02% 0.04% 0.20%
4 Faridkot 76.08% 22.89% 0.51% 0.20% 0.18% 0.03% 0.02% 0.10%
5 Fatehgarh Sahib 71.23% 25.47% 2.80% 0.28% 0.03% 0.01% 0.04% 0.13%
6 Firozpur 53.76% 44.67% 0.34% 0.95% 0.06% 0.02% 0.01% 0.19%
7 Gurdaspur 43.64% 46.74% 1.20% 7.68% 0.03% 0.02% 0.04% 0.66%
8 Hoshiarpur 33.92% 63.07% 1.46% 0.94% 0.13% 0.22% 0.03% 0.23%
9 Jalandhar 32.75% 63.56% 1.38% 1.19% 0.18% 0.52% 0.04% 0.39%
10 Kapurthala 55.66% 41.23% 1.25% 0.67% 0.07% 0.82% 0.04% 0.27%
11 Ludhiana 53.26% 42.94% 2.22% 0.47% 0.56% 0.06% 0.04% 0.45%
12 Mansa 77.75% 20.34% 1.35% 0.12% 0.20% 0.02% 0.06% 0.17%
13 Moga 82.24% 15.91% 0.94% 0.33% 0.04% 0.02% 0.04% 0.48%
14 Muktsar 70.81% 28.26% 0.48% 0.19% 0.08% 0.03% 0.05% 0.10%
15 Patiala 55.91% 41.32% 2.11% 0.30% 0.10% 0.01% 0.07% 0.17%
16 Rupnagar 52.74% 44.47% 2.12% 0.31% 0.10% 0.02% 0.02% 0.23%
17 Mohali 48.15% 47.88% 2.96% 0.54% 0.13% 0.03% 0.02% 0.29%
18 Sangrur 65.10% 23.53% 10.82% 0.15% 0.19% 0.02% 0.06% 0.14%
19 Nawanshehar 31.50% 65.55% 1.12% 0.24% 0.11% 0.96% 0.04% 0.47%
20 Tarn Taran 93.33% 5.40% 0.34% 0.54% 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% 0.31%
Punjab (Total)
 57.69% 38.49% 1.93% 1.26% 0.16% 0.12% 0.04% 0.32%

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, and Nabha) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India. See 1931 census data here:[51]: 277 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, and Nabha) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India. See 1941 census data here:[50]: 42 
  3. ^ a b 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Sirmoor, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here:[50]: 42 
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Including Ad-Dharmis
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Including Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated
  6. ^ a b c d Does not include Shakargarh Tehsil, which was awarded to Pakistan as part of the Radcliffe Line.
  7. ^ a b 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Sirmoor, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here:[51]: 277 
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.

References

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  3. ^ a b "District-wise Decadal Sex ratio in Punjab | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India". punjab.data.gov.in. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
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  5. ^ "District-wise No. of Male (Urban) Population from 1971 to 2011 | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India". punjab.data.gov.in. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  6. ^ "District-wise No. of Female (Urban) Population from 1971 to 2011 | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India". punjab.data.gov.in. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d "Area wise Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality Rate and Maternal Morality Rate in Punjab from 1968 to 2017 | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India". punjab.data.gov.in. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  8. ^ http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf
  9. ^ http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5Reports/Punjab.pdf, page 8
  10. ^ a b https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-II_0.pdf
  11. ^ a b c "Literacy Rate in Punjab | Punjab Literacy Rate".
  12. ^ "Chapter 3 LITERACY AND EDUCATION" (PDF). www.mospi.gov.in. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  13. ^ "Punjab Literacy Rate 2023".
  14. ^ "Spatial Temporal Change in Literacy Rate of Punjab" (PDF). www.ijsr.net. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  15. ^ "LITERACY OF MAJOR RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN INDIA: A GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE" (PDF). sikhinstitute.org. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
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