Demographics of Zimbabwe
Population pyramid of Zimbabwe in 2020
Population15,121,004 (2022 est.)
Growth rate1.95% (2022 est.)
Birth rate33.07 births/1,000 population
Death rate8.76 deaths/1,000 population
Life expectancy63.32 years
 • male61.18 years
 • female65.52 years
Fertility rate3.89 children
Infant mortality rate28.53 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-4.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sex ratio
Total0.97 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.03 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityZimbabwean
Major ethnicAfrican - 99.4%
Language
OfficialShona, Ndebele, English and 13 other minority languages
Historical population of Zimbabwe

Demographic features of the population of Zimbabwe include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Population

The population of Zimbabwe has grown during the 20th century in accordance with the model of a developing country with high birth rates and falling death rates, resulting in relatively high population growth rate (around 3% or above in the 1960s and early 1970s). After a spurt in the period 1980-1983 following independence, a decline in birth rates set in. Since 1991, however, there has been a jump in death rates from a low of 10 per 1000 in 1985 to a high of 25 per 1000 in 2002/2003. It has since subsided to just under 22 per 1000 (estimate for 2007) a little below the birth rate of around 27 per 1000.[1][2]

The high death rate is a result of poor medical facilities. This leads to a small natural increase of around 0.5%. Deaths due to HIV/AIDS have reduced due to improved methods of protection. However, outward migration rates of around 1.5% or more have been experienced for over a decade, therefore actual population changes are uncertain. Because of the high number of unaccounted emigrants, the recent increase of emigration and the death toll from AIDS, the total population might be declining to as low as 8 million according to some estimates.[3]

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Census data

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1982 7,608,432—    
1992 10,412,548+36.9%
2002 11,631,657+11.7%
2012 13,061,239+12.3%
2022 15,178,957+16.2%
Source:[4]

Historical data of Southern Rhodesia

Census
Year Black White Coloured Asian
1911 744,558 23,606 2,912
1921 862,319 33,620 1,998 1,250
Estimates
Year Black White
1890 700,000
1910 900,000 20,000
1927 922,000 38,200
1930 1,300,000
1945 1,400,000? 140,000
1946 1,640,000 80,500[citation needed]

Current estimates

Population density (2022)

Based on the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[5][6], the population of Zimbabwe was estimated by the United Nations at 15,993,524 in 2021. About 38.9% comprised youths under 15, while another 56.9% grouped persons aged between 15 and 65 years. Only around 4.2% of citizens were apparently over 65.[7]

Total population Population aged 0–14 (%) Population aged 15–64 (%) Population aged 65+ (%)
1950 2 747 000 42.0 54.8 3.2
1955 3 204 000 43.8 52.9 3.3
1960 3 752 000 45.3 51.4 3.4
1965 4 422 000 47.7 49.0 3.3
1970 5 206 000 48.1 48.7 3.2
1975 6 170 000 48.4 48.5 3.1
1980 7 289 000 48.9 48.1 3.0
1985 8 855 000 47.9 49.1 3.0
1990 10 469 000 46.1 50.9 3.0
1995 11 685 000 44.3 52.5 3.2
2000 12 509 000 41.7 54.9 3.4
2005 12 710 000 40.1 56.1 3.8
2010 13 080 000 38.9 56.9 4.2

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020):[8]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 7 287 922 7 891 035 15 178 957 100
0 220 711 221 948 442 659 2.9
1–4 815 889 817 766 1 633 655 10.7
5–9 1 032 460 1 037 226 2 069 686 13.6
10–14 992 173 994 369 1 986 542 13.1
15–19 603 279 791 914 1 573 123 10.4
20–24 603 279 676 121 1 279 400 8.4
25–29 478 758 559 313 1 038 071 6.8
30–34 434 810 510 887 945 697 6.2
35–39 463 676 533 369 997 045 6.6
40–44 385 120 410 155 795 275 5.2
45–49 328 502 332 942 661 444 4.4
50–54 224 187 226 417 450 604 3.0
55–59 128 893 180 111 309 004 2.0
60–64 117 633 177 522 295 155 1.9
65-69 103 166 151 151 254 317 1.7
70-74 67 666 103 527 171 193 1.1
75-79 44 665 65 358 110 023 0.7
80-84 31 067 45 038 76 105 0.5
85-89 17 048 26 442 43 490 0.3
90-94 8 620 15 692 24 312 0.16
95-99 2 454 5 311 7 765 0.05
100+ 1 523 3 754 5 277 0.03
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 2 837 556 2 918 635 6 132 546 40.4
15–64 4 361 627 4 778 499 8 344 818 54.97
65+ 240 038 337 468 692 482 4.56

Vital statistics

Registration of vital events in Zimbabwe is not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.[9]

Period Mid-year Population Live births Deaths Natural change CBR* CDR* NC* TFR* IMR* Life expectancy (in years)
1950 2 791 000   141 000   46 000   95 000 50.4 16.6 33.8 7.10 102.2 49.64
1951   2 882 000   144 000   48 000   96 000 49.9 16.7 33.2 7.10 101.4 49.86
1952   2 974 000   147 000   49 000   98 000 49.5 16.5 33.1 7.11 99.8 50.22
1953   3 068 000   151 000   50 000   101 000 49.1 16.2 32.9 7.12 98.1 50.62
1954   3 165 000   155 000   50 000   104 000 48.8 15.9 32.8 7.13 96.4 51.01
1955   3 264 000   158 000   51 000   107 000 48.4 15.7 32.7 7.14 95.0 51.28
1956   3 365 000   162 000   52 000   110 000 48.1 15.4 32.7 7.16 93.6 51.70
1957   3 470 000   166 000   53 000   114 000 47.9 15.1 32.8 7.17 92.2 52.06
1958   3 579 000   171 000   53 000   118 000 47.7 14.8 32.8 7.19 90.6 52.40
1959   3 691 000   175 000   54 000   122 000 47.4 14.5 32.9 7.20 88.8 52.84
1960   3 806 000   180 000   54 000   126 000 47.3 14.2 33.0 7.22 87.1 53.24
1961   3 926 000   185 000   55 000   130 000 47.0 13.9 33.1 7.23 85.3 53.62
1962   4 050 000   190 000   55 000   135 000 46.9 13.6 33.3 7.26 83.3 54.07
1963   4 178 000   195 000   55 000   140 000 46.6 13.2 33.4 7.25 81.3 54.55
1964   4 310 000   200 000   56 000   145 000 46.4 12.9 33.5 7.26 79.2 54.99
1965   4 447 000   206 000   56 000   150 000 46.2 12.6 33.7 7.26 77.1 55.46
1966   4 589 000   212 000   56 000   155 000 46.1 12.3 33.8 7.24 75.2 55.89
1967   4 735 000   218 000   57 000   161 000 45.9 12.0 33.9 7.22 73.5 56.19
1968   4 886 000   225 000   58 000   167 000 45.9 11.8 34.1 7.19 72.1 56.46
1969   5 044 000   232 000   59 000   174 000 46.0 11.6 34.3 7.14 71.0 56.71
1970   5 203 000   240 000   60 000   181 000 46.1 11.4 34.6 7.09 70.1 57.03
1971   5 363 000   248 000   61 000   187 000 46.2 11.4 34.8 7.06 69.6 57.20
1972   5 533 000   258 000   63 000   195 000 46.5 11.3 35.2 7.06 69.3 57.40
1973   5 713 000   269 000   65 000   204 000 47.0 11.3 35.7 7.07 69.1 57.37
1974   5 904 000   279 000   67 000   212 000 47.2 11.3 35.9 7.04 69.0 57.49
1975   6 097 000   289 000   69 000   220 000 47.3 11.3 36.0 6.98 69.2 57.55
1976   6 288 000   297 000   73 000   224 000 47.1 11.6 35.6 6.91 69.3 56.94
1977   6 453 000   304 000   77 000   227 000 46.7 11.8 34.9 6.85 69.3 56.29
1978   6 549 000   309 000   84 000   226 000 46.6 12.6 34.0 6.77 69.0 54.59
1979   6 656 000   310 000   84 000   226 000 46.3 12.6 33.8 6.70 68.5 55.04
1980   7 050 000   317 000   76 000   241 000 46.2 11.1 35.1 6.61 66.9 58.67
1981   7 507 000   349 000   76 000   273 000 46.5 10.1 36.4 6.51 64.8 59.33
1982   7 804 000   358 000   76 000   282 000 45.9 9.8 36.1 6.38 62.0 59.88
1983   8 106 000   366 000   77 000   289 000 45.1 9.4 35.7 6.25 59.2 60.25
1984   8 399 000   365 000   75 000   290 000 43.4 8.9 34.5 6.08 55.7 61.05
1985   8 691 000   365 000   74 000   291 000 42.0 8.5 33.5 5.90 52.9 61.62
1986   8 983 000   364 000   73 000   290 000 40.5 8.2 32.3 5.70 50.8 62.02
1987   9 277 000   363 000   75 000   288 000 39.2 8.1 31.0 5.50 49.5 61.77
1988   9 569 000   356 000   78 000   278 000 37.2 8.2 29.0 5.29 49.2 61.32
1989   9 846 000   350 000   83 000   267 000 35.6 8.4 27.2 5.08 49.7 60.40
1990   10 114 000   352 000   88 000   263 000 34.8 8.7 26.0 4.87 50.9 59.43
1991   10 378 000   357 000   96 000   261 000 34.4 9.3 25.2 4.71 52.6 58.09
1992   10 642 000   363 000   106 000   257 000 34.1 9.9 24.2 4.57 54.8 56.44
1993   10 795 000   361 000   118 000   243 000 33.1 10.8 22.3 4.39 57.1 54.43
1994   10 859 000   359 000   128 000   230 000 32.8 11.8 21.1 4.27 58.9 52.59
1995   10 994 000   359 000   141 000   218 000 32.6 12.8 19.8 4.15 60.5 50.53
1996   11 178 000   372 000   154 000   218 000 33.2 13.8 19.4 4.11 61.8 48.96
1997   11 362 000   385 000   163 000   221 000 33.8 14.4 19.4 4.06 61.7 47.99
1998   11 548 000   399 000   175 000   224 000 34.5 15.2 19.4 4.03 61.4 46.82
1999   11 716 000   415 000   192 000   223 000 35.3 16.3 19.0 4.01 60.6 45.21
2000   11 835 000   424 000   200 000   224 000 35.6 16.8 18.8 3.97 59.9 44.69
2001   11 911 000   431 000   228 000   203 000 36.0 19.0 16.9 3.95 58.9 41.96
2002   11 985 000   433 000   204 000   229 000 35.9 17.0 19.0 3.89 58.3 44.57
2003   12 076 000   435 000   216 000   219 000 35.9 17.8 18.1 3.82 57.7 43.39
2004   12 161 000   434 000   208 000   226 000 35.5 17.0 18.5 3.74 58.1 44.50
2005   12 225 000   430 000   207 000   223 000 34.9 16.8 18.1 3.67 58.5 44.77
2006   12 330 000   427 000   203 000   223 000 34.5 16.4 18.1 3.62 59.5 45.36
2007   12 451 000   436 000   204 000   232 000 34.8 16.3 18.5 3.65 59.9 45.61
2008   12 550 000   449 000   197 000   252 000 35.6 15.6 20.0 3.77 59.9 46.72
2009   12 680 000   469 000   189 000   280 000 36.7 14.8 21.9 3.95 58.1 48.06
2010   12 840 000   478 000   171 000   307 000 37.1 13.3 23.8 4.03 55.0 50.65
2011   13 026 000   487 000   155 000   332 000 37.2 11.9 25.3 4.10 51.9 53.35
2012   13 265 000   490 000   142 000   347 000 36.8 10.7 26.1 4.10 47.2 55.63
2013   13 555 000   492 000   133 000   360 000 36.2 9.8 26.5 4.06 44.0 57.46
2014   13 856 000   488 000   127 000   361 000 35.1 9.1 26.0 3.96 42.0 58.85
2015   14 155 000   482 000   124 000   357 000 34.0 8.8 25.2 3.85 41.1 59.59
2016   14 453 000   480 000   122 000   358 000 33.2 8.4 24.7 3.77 39.6 60.31
2017   14 751 000   481 000   122 000   358 000 32.5 8.3 24.3 3.71 38.7 60.71
2018   15 052 000   484 000   120 000   364 000 32.1 8.0 24.1 3.66 37.4 61.41
2019   15 355 000   485 000   124 000   361 000 31.5 8.0 23.5 3.60 37.2 61.29
2020   15 670 000   486 000   128 000   359 000 31.0 8.1 22.9 3.55 36.8 61.12
2021   15 994 000   489 000   145 000   344 000 30.5 9.1 21.5 3.49 36.8 59.25
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Fertility and births

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[10]

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
1982-1984 6.66 5.33 7.28
1985-1988 5.31 3.86 6.06
1994 31.6 4.29 (3.5) 30.5 3.09 (2.6) 32.0 4.85 (3.9)
1999 30.8 3.96 (3.4) 31.3 2.96 (2.6) 30.5 4.57 (3.8)
2005-2006 31.0 3.8 (3.3) 28.5 2.6 (2.3) 32.0 4.6 (3.9)
2010-2011 34 4.1 (3.4) 34 3.1 (2.7) 34 4.8 (4.0)
2015 32.0 4.0 (3.6) 31.1 3.0 (2.7) 32.7 4.7 (4.1)

Fertility data as of 2010-2011 (DHS Program):[11]

Province Total fertility rate Percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant Mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49
Manicaland 4.8 8.8 4.9
Mashonaland Central 4.5 9.1 5.0
Mashonaland East 4.5 7.3 4.2
Mashonaland West 4.5 8.5 5.0
Matabeleland North 4.1 7.7 5.2
Matabeleland South 4.2 6.6 4.6
Midlands 4.2 7.6 4.8
Masvingo 4.7 11.1 4.6
Harare 3.1 8.4 3.5
Bulawayo 2.8 4.8 3.2

Life expectancy at birth

Life expectancy from 1950 to 2021 (UN World Population Prospects):[12]

Life expectancy in Zimbabwe
Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 48.54
1955–1960 Increase 50.59
1960–1965 Increase 52.48
1965–1970 Increase 54.13
1970–1975 Increase 55.78
1975–1980 Increase 57.84
1980–1985 Increase 60.54
1985–1990 Decrease 60.18
1990–1995 Decrease 54.66
1995–2000 Decrease 47.35
2000–2005 Decrease 44.13
2005–2010 Increase 48.35
2010–2015 Increase 57.64
2020 Increase 61.12
2021 Decrease 59.25

Ethnic groups

According to 2012 Census report, 99.6% of the population is of African origin.[13] Of the rest of the population, the great bulk—perhaps 30,000 persons[14][15][16]—are White Zimbabweans of European ancestry, a minority which had diminished in size prior to independence.[17]

The vast black majority has grown at a projected annual rate of 4.3% since 1980.[18] Although present figures are difficult to ascertain, the white community once reproduced itself at an annual rate (under 1.5%) similar to that of most totals in developed nations.[19] Of the two major ethnolinguistic categories, Shona speakers formed a decisive plurality at (80<)% and occupied the eastern two-thirds of Zimbabwe.[20] Ndebele speakers constitute about 16%, and none of the other indigenous ethnic groups came to as much as 2% in recent decades.[21][better source needed] African speakers of nonindigenous languages included migrant workers from Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique.[22]

Over 90% of White Zimbabweans are of British or British diasporan origin;[19] at various times many emigrated from South Africa and elsewhere.[19] After World War II, Zimbabwe (then Southern Rhodesia) received a substantial influx of emigrants from the United Kingdom—a handful previously resided in other colonies such as India, Pakistan and Kenya. Also represented on a much smaller scale were individuals of Afrikaner, Greek, and Portuguese origin.[17] After Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, Ian Smith's administration removed technical obstacles to immigration from southern Europe.[19]

A heavily urbanised Coloured population is descended, partially, from early unions between White Rhodesian settlers and local Black African females. Many, however, can also trace their ancestry to the Dutch/Khoisan mulatto clans of the Cape.

With the exception of a select few who were brought to Zimbabwe as railroad workers, most Asians in Zimbabwe arrived from India pursuing employment or entrepreneurship. An educated class, they have traditionally engaged in retail trade or manufacturing.[19]

Languages

Zimbabwe has 16 official languages: Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, and Xhosa.[23] English is widely used in administration, law and schools, though less than 2.5%, mainly the white and Coloured (mixed race) minorities, consider it their native language. The rest of the population speak Shona (70%) and Ndebele (20%), Kalanga (2%), etc.[24] Shona has a rich oral tradition, which was incorporated into the first Shona novel, Feso by Solomon Mutswairo, published in 1956.[25] English is spoken primarily in the cities, but less so in rural areas. Television news is broadcast in English, Shona and Ndebele though the local languages time slot falls out of prime viewing time, but radio broadcasts in English, Ndebele, Shona, Kalanga, Nambya, Venda, Suthu and Tonga. English, Ndebele and Shona are given far more airtime.

Religions

Main article: Religion in Zimbabwe

85 percent of Zimbabweans are Christian, and of that number, 61 percent regularly attend Christian churches.[26] The largest Christian churches are Anglican, Roman Catholic, Seventh Day Adventist and Methodist. However like most former European colonies, Christianity is often mixed with enduring traditional beliefs. Besides Christianity, ancestral worship (Amadlozi) is the most practised non-Christian religion which involves ancestor worship and spiritual intercession. Under 1% of the population is Muslim, although many Zimbabweans are influenced by Abrahamic food laws.

Health

See also: HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe

According to the United Nations World Health Organization, the average life expectancy for men in 2006 was 37 years and for women was 34 years of age, the lowest in the world at the time.[27] An association of doctors in Zimbabwe have made calls for President Mugabe to make moves to assist the ailing health service.[28] Since then it has recovered, and the figures for 2010 to 2015 were 53 and 54 for men and women respectively.[29]

Other demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics of Zimbabwe in 2022 are from the World Population Review.[30]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[31]

Population

15,121,004 (2022 est.)
14,030,368 (July 2018 est.)
13,805,084 (July 2017 est.)

Religions

Protestant 74.8% (includes Apostolic 37.5%, Pentecostal 21.8%, other 15.5%), Roman Catholic 7.3%, other Christian 5.3%, traditional 1.5%, Muslim 0.5%, other 0.1%, none 10.5% (2015 est.)

Age structure

Population pyramid of Zimbabwe in 2020
0-14 years: 38.32% (male 2,759,155/female 2,814,462)
15-24 years: 20.16% (male 1,436,710/female 1,495,440)
25-54 years: 32.94% (male 2,456,392/female 2,334,973)
55-64 years: 4.07% (male 227,506/female 363,824)
65 years and over: 4.52% (male 261,456/female 396,396) (2020 est.)
0-14 years: 38.62% (male 2,681,192 /female 2,736,876)
15-24 years: 20.42% (male 1,403,715 /female 1,461,168)
25-54 years: 32.22% (male 2,286,915 /female 2,234,158)
55-64 years: 4.24% (male 233,021 /female 361,759)
65 years and over: 4.5% (male 255,704 /female 375,860) (2018 est.)

Median age

total: 20.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 189th
male: 20.3 years
female: 20.6 years (2020 est.)
total: 20.2 years. Country comparison to the world: 190th
male: 19.9 years
female: 20.4 years (2018 est.)

Birth rate

33.07 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 22nd
34 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 25th
34.2 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Death rate

8.76 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 68th
9.9 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 41st
10.2 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Total fertility rate

3.51 children born/woman (2023 est.) Country comparison to the world: 36th
3.89 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 30th
3.97 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 33rd
Official government fertility rates over the past decade were 3.6 (2002 Census),[32] 3.8 (2006 survey also says women actually wanted on average 3.3 children)[33] and 3.8 (2012 Census).[13]

Population growth rate

1.95% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 44th
1.68% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 60th
1.56% (2017 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

20 years (2015 est.)
note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Contraceptive prevalence rate

66.8% (2015)

Net migration rate

-4.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 200th
-7.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 208th
-8.5 migrants/1,000 population (2017).There is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities.

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 79.5 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 74.4 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 5.1 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 19.7 (2015 est.)

Urbanization

See also: Zimbabwe § Largest cities
urban population: 66% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanization: 2.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
urban population: 32.2% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 2.19% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: high (2020)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
animal contact diseases: rabies

Sex ratio

(2011 est.)

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.70 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female

AIDS

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 63.32 years. Country comparison to the world: 209
male: 61.18 years (2022 est.)
female: 65.52 years (2022 est.)
total population: 61.1 years
male
59 years
female: 63.2 years (2018 est.)
total population 60.4 years
male 58.3 years
female 62.5 years (2017 est.)

total population 47.55 years male 47.98 years female 47.11 years (2010 est.)

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

3.6% of GDP (2018) Country comparison to the world: 122nd
7.5% of GDP (2014) Country comparison to the world: 10th

Literacy

definition* age 15 and over can read and write English

total population: 95%
male: 96.5%
female: 90.5% (2022 est.)
total population* 90.7% (2003 est.), 85% (2000 est.)
male* 94.2% (2003 est.), 90% (2000 est.)
female* 87.2% (2003 est.), 80% (1995 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years
male: 12 years
female: 11 years (2013)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 27.5%
male: 25%
female: 31.4% (2019 est.)

Nationality

Ethnic groups

[35]

Languages

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demographics of Zimbabwe.
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  2. ^ CIA Factbook 2007, CIA Publications, Washington D.C.
  3. ^ "The Independent". Independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008.
  4. ^ "2022 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results". UNFPA - Zimbabwe. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
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  14. ^ "Zimbabwe's only white minster [sic] says insults against whites continue at top government level". Fox News. 2015-03-26.
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  31. ^ Zimbabwe: People, CIA World Factbook, 2022 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  32. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2014-01-27.((cite web)): CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  35. ^ a b "Africa :: ZIMBABWE". CIA The World Factbook. 10 May 2022.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2007 edition.)

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