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Demographics of Birmingham
Population pyramid of Birmingham
Population1,147,316 (2020 estimate)

The demography of Birmingham, England, is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data produced for each of the wards that make up the city, and the overall city itself, which is the largest city proper in England as well as the core of the third most populous urban area, the West Midlands conurbation.[1]

Population

Historical populations
YearPop.±%
15381,300—    
16505,472+320.9%
170015,032+174.7%
173123,286+54.9%
177842,250+81.4%
178552,250+23.7%
180173,670+41.0%
181185,753+16.4%
1821106,722+24.5%
1831146,986+37.7%
1841182,922+24.4%
1851232,638+27.2%
1861296,076+27.3%
1871343,787+16.1%
1881400,774+16.6%
1891478,113+19.3%
1901522,204+9.2%
1911525,833+0.7%
1921919,444+74.9%
19311,002,603+9.0%
1939995,039−0.8%
19511,112,685+11.8%
19611,107,187−0.5%
19711,098,654−0.8%
1981996,365−9.3%
19911,005,764+0.9%
2001977,091−2.9%
20111,073,045+9.8%
20201,147,316+6.9%
[2][3][4][5]
Parts of this article (those related to this section) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2016)
Historical population of Birmingham, England[6]

Birmingham city's total population was 977,099 in 2001. The 2005 estimate for the population of the district of Birmingham was 1,001,200. This is the first time the population has broken the 1,000,000 barrier since 1996.[7] This was a population increase of 0.9% (8,800) from 2004, higher than the 0.6% for the United Kingdom as a whole and 0.7% for England. It is believed to have been caused as a result of increased numbers of births, increased migration and a decrease in deaths in the district.[7] The population of Birmingham is predicted to increase, though it cannot be predicted at certainty due to fluctuations in previous years in migration. The population in Birmingham is predicted to increase by 12.2% (121,500) from 992,100 in 2003 to 1,113,600 in 2028. This is an increase of around 4,000 - 5,000 each year until 2028.[8]

The mid-year population estimates from previous years have showed a general decrease in the population of Birmingham from 1982 to 2002, before beginning to increase again up to 2005, with the increase from 2004 to 2005 being the largest population increase recorded. Though, in total, the overall decline in the population of Birmingham has been by just over 1%. The dependent population (0-14 and 65+) has declined since 2001 as the working population (15-64) has increased.[7]

The ward with the lowest population following the boundary readjustments of 2004 was Ladywood with 14,801.[9] Prior to the boundary readjustments, it had a population of 23,789.[10] The ward with the highest population following the boundary readjustments of 2004 was Sparkbrook with a population of 31,485, which is an increase from 28,311 prior to the boundary adjustments.[11]

Age

Birmingham has a young population compared to England as a whole. The mid-year population estimates of 2005 estimate that Birmingham has a younger age structure compared to England, with a higher proportion of the population of Birmingham being under the age of 34, and lower proportion being above the age of 35, than England.[7][12] In the 20 to 24 year age group, the proportion in Birmingham is about 2% above the national figure.[13]

23.4% of people were aged under 16, 57.7% were aged between 16 and 59, while 18.9% were aged over 60. The average age was 36, compared with 38.6 years for England.[13]

The district of Ladywood was found to have the lowest proportion of people who are 60 years and over than all other districts. Sutton Coldfield district had the highest proportion of people aged 60 years and over. Hodge Hill was found to have the highest population of people from the age of 0 to 15 whilst the districts of Edgbaston and Sutton Coldfield had the lowest.[9]

Population density

The population density is 3,649 people per square km compared to the 377.2 people per square km for England. The district of Hall Green had the most persons per acre at 55.22. Sutton Coldfield had the lowest number of persons per acre at 15.47, a difference of 39.75.[14]

Gender

Females represented 51.6% of the population whilst males represented 48.4%. These percentages are above and below the national, regional and county average respectively.[14] However, the 2005 mid-year estimates recorded that there were more males in the city up to the 35-39 age group. 66% of the population of Birmingham that were aged 80 or over were women, and the population of women who were aged 80 or over was 5% of the Birmingham total, as opposed to 3% for males.[7]

The district of Ladywood had the highest percentage of males in its population at 49.7%, whilst Northfield had the lowest at 47.45%. The ward of Ladywood was the only ward which percentage of males exceeded 50%, with a figure of 50.74%. Shard End had the lowest male population percentage at 46.68%.[14]

Ethnicity

Ethnic demography of Birmingham from 1951 to 2021
Ethnic makeup of Birmingham in single year age groups
Population pyramid of Birmingham by ethnicity in 2021

The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents in estimations for 1951, 1961, 1966, 1971, 1981 and in the 1991 to 2021 censuses in Birmingham.

Ethnic Group 1951 estimations[15] 1961 estimations[16] 1966 estimations[16] 1971 estimations[17] 1981 estimations[18] 1991[19][20] 2001[21] 2011[22] 2021[23]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total – <99% 1,079,018 97.6% 1,014,350 95.3% 921,819 90.9% 834,616 84.8% 754,274 78.48% 687,406 70.35% 621,636 57.93% 556,608 48.7%
White: British – – – – – – – – – – – – 641,345 65.64% 570,217 53.14% 491,211 42.9%
White: Irish – – – – – – – – – – 38,290 3.98% 31,467 3.22% 22,021 2.05% 16,964 1.5%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller[note 1] – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 408 0.04% 686 0.1%
White: Roma – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1,833 0.2%
White: Other – – – – – – – – – – – – 14,594 1.49% 28,990 2.70% 45,914 4.0%
Asian or Asian British: Total – – – – – – – – – – 138,867 14.44% 195,794 20.04% 285,640 26.62% 355,384 31%
Asian or Asian British: Indian – – – – – – – – – – 51,075 5.31% 55,749 5.71% 64,621 6.02% 66,519 5.8%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – – – – – – – – – – 66,085 6.87% 104,017 10.65% 144,627 13.48% 195,102 17.0%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – – – – – – – – – – 12,739 1.32% 20,836 2.13% 32,532 3.03% 48,232 4.2%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese[note 2] – – – – – – – – – – 3,315 0.34% 5,106 0.52% 12,712 1.18% 12,487 1.1%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – – – – – – – – – 5,653 0.58% 10,086 1.03% 31,148 2.90% 33,044 2.9%
Black or Black British: Total – – – – – – – – – – 56,376 5.86% 59,832 6.12% 96,360 8.98% 125,760 10.9%
Black or Black British: African – – – – – – – – – – 2,803 0.29% 6,206 0.64% 29,991 2.79% 66,822 5.8%
Black or Black British: Caribbean – – – – – – – – – – 44,770 4.65% 47,831 4.90% 47,641 4.44% 44,718 3.9%
Black or Black British: Other Black – – – – – – – – – – 8,803 0.91% 5,795 0.59% 18,728 1.75% 14,220 1.2%
Mixed: Total – – – – – – – – – – – – 27,946 2.86% 47,605 4.44% 55,205 4.8%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – – – – – – – – – 15,644 1.60% 24,720 2.30% 25,119 2.2%
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – – – – – – – – – 1,446 0.15% 3,223 0.30% 4,680 0.4%
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – – – – – – – – – 6,307 0.65% 11,186 1.04% 13,130 1.1%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – – – – – – – – – 4,549 0.47% 8,476 0.79% 12,276 1.1%
Other: Total – – – – – – – – – – 11,524 1.19% 6,109 0.63% 21,804 2.03% 51,965 4.6%
Other: Arab[note 1] – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10,910 1.02% 19,196 1.7%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – – – – – – – – – 11,524 1.19% 6,109 0.63% 10,894 1.02% 32,769 2.9%
Ethnic minority: Total – >1% 28,169 2.4% 49,870 4.7% 92,466 9.1% 149,301 15.2% 206,767 21.52% 289,681 29.65% 451,409 42.07% 588,314 51.3%
Total 1,112,685 100% 1,107,187 100% 1,064,220 100% 1,014,285 100% 983,917 100% 961,041 100% 977,087 100% 1,073,045 100% 1,144,922 100%

Notes for table above

  1. ^ a b New category created for the 2011 census
  2. ^ In 2001, listed under the 'Chinese or other ethnic group' heading.

Detailed

The following table shows the 20 largest ethnic groups as identified by the residents of Birmingham in the 2021 census.[24]

Detailed ethnicity
Ethnic category Ethnicity Population
White English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish or British 491,179
Asian Pakistani or British Pakistani 195,102
Asian Indian or British Indian 66,519
Asian Bangladeshi or British Bangladeshi 48,232
Black Caribbean 44,673
Black African (unspecified) 25,161
Mixed/Multiple White and Black Caribbean 25,119
Other Arab 19,196
White Irish 16,971
Black Somali 16,964
Mixed/Multiple White and Asian (unspecified) 13,130
Asian Chinese 12,487
Black British 9,411
White Polish 8,407
Asian Kashmiri 8,224
White Romanian 7,364
White European Mixed 7,138
Black Nigerian 5,764
Asian Afghan 5,293
Other Sikh 4,842

These detailed ethnicities are based on the self-designation entries used in UK ethnicity classifications. Of the White ethnicities, after European Mixed (pop. 7,138) shown in the table above, the next largest were White unspecified (2,539), Other Eastern European (2,301), and Roma (1,833). After Afghan (5,293), the next largest in the Asian ethnicities include Filipino (2,311), Other/unspecified (1,778), Vietnamese (1,681) and Sri Lankan (1,672); there was also a population of 2,138 Iranians in the Asian category, however a significant number (1,857) self-identified under the Other category, instead of Asian. Similarly, there were 1,297 Sikhs who identified under Asian, but a larger number of 4,842 identified as part of Other.[24]

The next largest entries of the Black ethnicity group, after Nigerian (5,764), were Eritrean (3,020), Other/unspecified (2,467), Somalilander (2,261) and Ghanaian (2,229). In the Other ethnic category, the largest groups after Sikh (4,842) were Kashmiri (4,086), Kurdish (3,540), and 'Any other ethnic group' (2,360).[24]

Ethnicity of school pupils

Ethnic group School year[25][26]
1971 estimations[17] 2004 2008 2012 2015/16 2021/2022
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total – 84.9% 80,070 52.6% 68,580 46.1% 60,585 39.8% 60,674 35.9% 65,246 31.6%
White: British – – 75,010 49.3% 63,923 43% 55,856 36.7% 53,490 31.7% 55,476 26.9%
White: Irish – – 2,010 1,609 1,018 753 508
White: Traveller of Irish heritage – – 40 35 32 38 36
White: Gypsy/Roma – – 20 24 119 733 1,048 0.5%
White: Other – – 2,990 2,979 3,558 5,660 8,178 4.0%
Asian / Asian British: Total – – 45,390 29.8% 50,696 34.1% 56,754 37.3% 64,096 38% 77,890 37.7%
Asian / Asian British: Indian – – 9,440 8,884 8,724 9,224 10,798 5.2%
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani – – 27,530 18.1% 32,121 37,209 42,108 24.9% 49,901 24.2%
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi – – 5,890 6,858 8,214 9,484 12,124 5.9%
Asian / Asian British: Chinese – – 550 568 605 829 1,540 0.7%
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians – – 1,980 2,265 2,002 2,451 3,527 1.7%
Black / Black British: Total – – 13,470 8.8% 15,410 10.4% 17,455 11.5% 20,825 12.3% 26,015 12.6%
Black: Caribbean – – 8,510 7,706 7,455 6,916 6,515 3.2%
Black: African – – 3,580 2.4% 6,173 8,274 11,727 16,903 8.2%
Black: Other Blacks – – 1,390 1,528 1,727 2,182 2,597 1.3%
Mixed / British Mixed – – 8,890 5.8% 9,190 6.2% 10,550 6.9% 13,054 7.7% 19,950 9.7%
Other: Total – – 2,500 1.6% 3,593 2.4% 5,235 3.4% 7,742 4.6% 11,964 5.8%
Unclassified – – 1,930 1.3% 444 0.3% 1,591 1.5% 2,420 1.4% 5,304 2.6%
Ethnic minority: Total 18,549 15.1% 72,180 47.4% 79,333 53.9% 91,585 60.2% 108,137 64.1% 141,123 68.4%
Total: – 100% 152,210 100% 148,640 100% 152,170 100% 168,811 100% 206,369 100%
Ethnicity of births
Ethnic Group 1981 estimates[27] 2021[28]
Number % Number %
White: Total – 75% 5,058 34.9%
White: British – – 4,029 27.8%
White: Other – – 1,029 7.1%
Asian / Asian British: Total – – 5,595 38.6%
Asian / Asian British: Indian – – 759 5.2%
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani – – 3,417 23.6%
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi – – 708 4.9%
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians – – 711 4.9%
Black / Black British: Total – – 1,735 12%
Black: Caribbean – – 419 2.9%
Black: African – – 1,128 7.8%
Black: Other Blacks – – 188 1.3%
Mixed / British Mixed – – 1,455 10.1%
Other: Total – – 578 4.0%
Not stated – – 55 0.4%
Non-White: Total (not including Not stated) – 25% 9,363 64.7%
Total: – 100% 14,476 100%

Country of birth

UK born and foreign born in Birmingham in 2021. Males and females representing the UK born population while foreign males and females representing the foreign born population.
Country of birth Year
1951[29] 1961[29] 1971[29] 1981[30] 1991[31] 2001[32] 2011[33] 2021[34]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
 United Kingdom 1,054,806 94.9% 1,011,316 91.3% 883,610 87.1% 857,032 86% 823,351 85.7% 815,837 83.4% 834,732 77.8% 838,959 73.3%
Foreign born 56,946 5.1% 95,865 8.7% 131,060 12.9% 139,331 14% 137,728 14.3% 161,250 16.6% 238,313 22.2% 305,960 26.7%
Total 1,111,752 100% 1,107,181 100% 1,014,670 100% 996,363 100% 961,079 100% 977,087 100% 1,073,045 100% 1,144,919 100%

National identity

Of Birmingham's population of 1,144,924 (2021 census), a large majority of 721,108 had a solely 'British' identity, while 119,732 had an English identity, and 110,753 had both 'English and British' identities only. 2,826 residents had a Welsh identity and 1,199 had 'Welsh and British'. 155,501 residents had a non-UK identity, while 27,015 had both a UK and non-UK identity.[24]

Languages

The most common main languages spoken in Birmingham according to the 2011 census are shown below.[35]

Rank Language Usual residents aged 3+ Proportion
1 English 866,833 84.70%
2 Urdu 29,403 2.87%
3 Punjabi 21,166 2.07%
4 Bengali (with Sylheti and Chatgaya) 14,718 1.44%
5 Pakistani Pahari (with Mirpuri and Potwari) 10,827 1.06%
6 Polish 8,952 0.87%
7 Somali 8,139 0.80%
8 Arabic 6,921 0.68%
9 Pashto 6,123 0.60%
10 Gujarati 4,871 0.48%
11 Persian 3,031 0.30%
12 French 2,558 0.25%
13 Hindi 1,540 0.15%
14 Romanian 1,233 0.12%
15 Cantonese Chinese 1,198 0.12%
16 Tagalog/Filipino 1,186 0.12%
17 Portuguese 1,127 0.11%
18 Tigrinya 1,074 0.10%
19 German 1,009 0.10%
20 Tamil 999 0.10%
Other 30,478 2.98%

It's worth bearing in mind that according to another study that references 2011 census data, Polish becomes the second most popular language, behind Punjabi, within the West Midlands Region, of which Birmingham is the largest constituent.[36]

Religion

Religious makeup of Birmingham in single year age groups in 2021

Main article: Religion in Birmingham
Serbian Orthodox Church in Bournville

In 2001, the main religion in Birmingham was Christianity, as 59.1% (577,783) of the population were Christians. The second largest religion was Islam, adhered to by 14.3%. Meanwhile, 12.4% of the population had no religion.[37] 8.39% (81,959) did not state their religion, above the national average of 7.7%.[38][37]

Birmingham's percentage of Christians is below the national, regional and county average. The percentage of Muslims in Birmingham is above the national, regional and county average, as are the Buddhist (0.3%) and Hindu (1.98%) percentages. The Sikh percentage, 2.93%, is higher than the national and regional percentage, yet below the county figure. The percentage of Jewish population in Birmingham (0.24%) is higher than the regional and county average yet almost half that of the national average.[38]

There were only 21 out of 354 local authorities in England where the proportion of self-described Christians was lower than that of Birmingham. There were only six authorities with a higher percentage of Muslims. Birmingham's total Muslim population of 140,033 was the highest of any local authority area.[37]

The majority of people classifying themselves in one of the White or Black ethnic groups said that they were Christian. At the same time, 29.6% (1,840) Black Africans and 10.8% (1,581) people from the White 'Other' ethnic group said they were Muslim. Over 90% of people in the Bangladeshi and Pakistani groups said they were Muslim. Indian people in the main, said they were Sikh (47.9%) or Hindu (32.7%) . Over 50% of Chinese people said that they had no religion and 18.3% were Buddhist. There were 42.6% (2,605) people from the 'Other' ethnic group who said they were Muslim and 26.6% (1,622) who said they were Christian.[37]

Darul Barakaat Mosque in Birmingham

The majority of Christians lived in the north, east and south of Birmingham, on the outskirts of the city, with far fewer living in inner-city areas. 51.7% of Birmingham's Hindu population lived in six wards of the city; Handsworth Wood (2,461), Springfield Sparkhill, Sparkrbook, Small Heath, Alum Rock, Ward End, Saltley, Bordesley Green, Washwood Heath, Stechford (2,023), Erdington, Bromford Lozells and East Handsworth (1,761), Soho (1,699), Hall Green (1,224) and Sparkbrook (845). Almost 65% of Birmingham's Jewish population lived within five wards of Birmingham; Edgbaston (586), Selly Oak (361), Moseley and Kings Heath (321), Bournville (131) and Erdington (104). 71.7% of Birmingham's Muslim population lived in seven wards of Birmingham; Sparkbrook, Sparkhill, Small Heath, Alum Rock, Ward End, Saltley, (19,372), Bordesley Green (18,629), Washwood Heath Stechford, (16,847), Springfield (13,461), Aston (12,381), Lozells and East Handsworth (10,853) and Nechells Erdington, Bromford (8,822), all inner-city wards. The majority of Sikhs were found to live in the west and south east of the city. The ward with the highest proportion of Buddhists was Edgbaston at 1.4% (257).[37]

The following table shows the religion of respondents in estimations for 1991 and in the 2001, 2011 and 2021 censuses in Birmingham.

Religion 1991 estimations[39] 2001[40] 2011[41] 2021[42]
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Christian – – 577,783 59.13% 494,358 46.07% 389,406 34.0%
Buddhist – – 2,977 0.30% 4,780 0.45% 4,340 0.4%
Hindu – – 19,358 1.98% 22,362 2.08% 21,997 1.9%
Jewish – – 2,343 0.24% 2,205 0.21% 1,687 0.1%
Muslim 80,461 8% 140,033 14.33% 234,411 21.85% 341,811 29.9%
Sikh – – 28,592 2.93% 32,376 3.02% 33,126 2.9%
Other religion – – 2,501 0.26% 5,646 0.53% 6,367 0.6%
No religion – – 121,541 12.44% 206,821 19.27% 276,327 24.1%
Religion not stated – – 81,959 8.39% 70,086 6.53% 69,856 6.1%
Total 1,005,764 100% 977,087 100.00% 1,073,045 100.00% 1,144,917 100.00%
Distribution of religions in Birmingham according to the 2011 census.
  • Christianity
    Christianity
  • Islam
    Islam
  • Judaism
    Judaism
  • Hinduism
    Hinduism
  • Sikhism
    Sikhism
  • Buddhism
    Buddhism
  • Other religion
    Other religion
  • No religion
    No religion

Sexual orientation

Of all usual residents aged 16 or over (889,624) in the 2021 census, 779,053 of these identified as 'Straight or Heterosexual'. 11,968 identified as 'Gay or Lesbian', 11,258 identified as 'Bisexual', and 3,580 identified as any other orientation. 83,765 did not answer.[24]

Income and industry

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2023)
Birmingham's industry over time

The majority of Birmingham works in the service industry, with manufacturing which used to take 50% of jobs collapsing in proportion of industrial sector in the latter half of the 20th century.

Health

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2023)

219,427 residents in Birmingham were said to be in 'Not Good Health' (2021 census).[24]

Obesity

29% of the adult population are classified as obese while the European average is 14%. A quarter of Birmingham's 11- and 12-year-olds are considered obese.[citation needed]

Education

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (September 2023)

Housing

The following table shows the accommodation type of all usual residents in households in Birmingham (2021 census).[24]

Accommodation type Population
Whole house or bungalow 927,835
Whole house or bungalow: Detached 141,217
Whole house or bungalow: Semi-detached 436,846
Whole house or bungalow: Terraced 349,772
Flat, maisonette or apartment 189,335
A caravan or other mobile or temporary structure 677

Tenure

Of 423,456 households as of 2021, a majority of 226,657 owned their home (of which 114,967 owned outright and 111,690 owned with a mortgage or loan or shared ownership). 196,799 households rented their home (of which 99,499 rented socially and 97,300 rented privatally or live rent-free).[24]

Tenure 1981[43] 1991[44] 2001[45] 2011[46] 2021[47]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Owned 187,754 52.6% 224,804 232,771 230,556 56.1% 226,657 53.5%
Owned: outright 83,277 106,437 110,356 118,611
Owned: with a mortgage or loan 141,527 129,772 120,200 108,046
Privately renting 31,093 8.7% 29,495 46,154 73,405 95,719 22.6%
Lives rent free 7,183 1,580
Social renting 137,963 38.7% 119,738 108,429 99,592 99,499 23.5%
Total 356,810 100% 374,037 100% 390,792 100% 410,736 100% 423,455 100%

Household composition

Of 423,456 households, 133,225 were one-person households, 243,037 were single family households, and 47,195 were other types of households.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ "100 Largest Cities and Towns in the UK by Population". The Geographist. 4 May 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  2. ^ Spencer, Andrew. "Population of Birmingham". Bham.de. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  3. ^ "Historic population of Birmingham". Birmingham City Council. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  4. ^ "Birmingham MB/CB: Historical statistics – Population". A Vision of Britain through Time. University of Portsmouth. 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  5. ^ "Birmingham". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  6. ^ "A Vision of Britain through time, Population Statistics, University of Portsmouth, Birmingham District through time: Total Population". Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d e Council, Birmingham City. "News and media | Birmingham City Council". www.birmingham.gov.uk.
  8. ^ Council, Birmingham City. "News and media | Birmingham City Council". www.birmingham.gov.uk.
  9. ^ a b Council, Birmingham City. "News and media | Birmingham City Council". www.birmingham.gov.uk.
  10. ^ Council, Birmingham City. "Ladywood constituency". www.birmingham.gov.uk.
  11. ^ Council, Birmingham City. "News and media | Birmingham City Council". www.birmingham.gov.uk.
  12. ^ Council, Birmingham City. "News and media | Birmingham City Council". www.birmingham.gov.uk.
  13. ^ a b "Birmingham City Council: Census 2001 - About Birmingham". Archived from the original on 9 June 2008.
  14. ^ a b c Council, Birmingham City. "News and media | Birmingham City Council". www.birmingham.gov.uk.
  15. ^ Lindsey, Lydia (2002). "The Split-Labor Phenomenon: Its Impact on West Indian Workers as a Marginal Working Class in Birmingham, England, 1948-1962". The Journal of African American History. 87: 119–145. doi:10.1086/JAAHv87n1p119. ISSN 1548-1867. JSTOR 1562495. S2CID 224834766.
  16. ^ a b Jones, Philip N. (1970). "Some Aspects of the Changing Distribution of Coloured Immigrants in Birmingham, 1961-66". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (50): 199–219. doi:10.2307/621354. ISSN 0020-2754. JSTOR 621354.
  17. ^ a b Woods, R. I. (April 1977). "A note on the future demographic structure of the coloured population of Birmingham, England". Journal of Biosocial Science. 9 (2): 239–250. doi:10.1017/S0021932000011019. ISSN 1469-7599. PMID 853051. S2CID 36135111.
  18. ^ Equality, Commission for Racial (1985). "Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement". Commission for Racial Equality: Table 2.2.
  19. ^ As UK Census data post 2001 is unavailable through the ONS website, it has been recommended to use archival census collection websites to obtain data. Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England. (Table 6)
  20. ^ Office of Population Censuses and Surveys; General Register Office for Scotland; Registrar General for Northern Ireland (1997): 1991 Census aggregate data. UK Data Service (Edition: 1997). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5257/census/aggregate-1991-1 This information is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence
  21. ^ "2001 census - theme tables". NOMIS. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  22. ^ "QS201EW - Ethnic group". NOMIS. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  23. ^ "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Birmingham Local Authority - Census 2021 Ethnicity dataset".
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