After Britain was drawn into the French Revolutionary Wars, the government of Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger proposed on 14 March 1794 that the counties should form Corps of Yeomanry Cavalry that could be called on by the King to defend the country against invasion or by the Lord Lieutenant to subdue any civil disorder within the county.[1] A Troop of Gentlemen and Yeoman of Wrexham, also known as the Wrexham Troop, was formed on 23 May 1795 at Wrexham, a rapidly growing industrial town in Denbighshire, North Wales. Another troop of Denbigh Cavalry under the command of Captain Richard Lloyd was raised at the town of Denbigh on 4 July 1799. In 1803, when the short-lived Peace of Amiens broke down and the Napoleonic Wars began, two more troops were raised at Wrexham and the force there became a regiment as the Wrexham Yeomanry Cavalry on 29 July 1803, under Major-Commandant Sir Foster Cunliffe, 3rd Baronet.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
19th century
By 26 January 1820, when the regiment became the Denbighshire Yeomanry Cavalry, there were five troops under Colonel-Commandant Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 5th Baronet.[2][7][9] Although the Yeomanry generally declined in importance and numbers after the end of the French wars,[10] the Denbigh regiment was sometimes called out to suppress riots in the 1820s and 1830s.[7] When Government support for the Yeomanry was withdrawn in 1828 the regiment carried on without pay until 1831 when pay for drills and periods of service was restored.[5][6]
The regiment was used to quell a disturbance by colliery workers in Rhosllannerchrugog in 1830: the miners were angered by the truck shop system that forced them to spend their wages in shops owned by their employers and planned to destroy a truck shop owned by the British Ironworks Company. The regiment was ordered out on patrol under Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn to 'terrify the mob'. Their presence quieted matters and Williams Wynn and the civil officers persuaded the demonstrators to disperse. On their return march the Yeomanry passed Cinder Hill, a pile of blast furnace waste from which thousands of people were watching. A youth threw a piece of cinder, which hit one of the horses, whose rider and another man fired their pistols – luckily hitting no-one. Williams-Wynn and his officers immediately stopped their men from reacting further, but the 'Battle of Cinder Hill', became notorious. In 1831 the Denbighshire miners were still dissatisfied, and marched on Shrewsbury, being turned back by the Shropshire Yeomanry. Later they gathered at Acrefair and again the Denbighshire Yeomanry were called out under Williams-Wynn, who advised the masters and workers to negotiate.[3][8][11][12]
When Col Sir Watkin Williams Wynn retired, he was succeeded on 1 March 1838 as Major-Commandant by Sir William Lloyd, a former major in the Honourable East India Company's army, who had seen action at the Battle of Seetabuldee and Siege of Nagpore. Lloyd joined the regiment after his return to Wales and as a captain in December 1830 had played a prominent role in defusing the difficult situation at 'Cinder Hill'. In 1850 the regiment consisted of three troops of 44 men each, with Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) at Wrexham.[3]
Sir William Lloyd died on 16 May 1857 and Lieutenant-Colonel Charles John Tottenham of Plas Berwyn (late of the 2nd Life Guards and High Sheriff of Denbighshire) was appointed to the command on 12 June 1857. He was simultaneously CO of the Royal Merioneth Militia. In the 1860s, most of the regiment's officers were former officers in the 1st or 2nd Life Guards. Tottenham held the Yeomanry command until he retired and became the regiment's Honorary Colonel on 30 May 1874.[13][14] He was succeeded as CO by Lt-Col Tom Naylor-Leyland of Nantclwyd Hall, Ruthin (also late of the 2nd LG).[13][15][16] The regimental headquarters was at Llangollen, moving to Ruthin in the 1870s.[13] The Regiment became the Denbighshire (Hussars) Yeomanry Cavalry in 1876.[2][5][7][13]
Following the Cardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the Army List from December 1875. This assigned Regular Army and Yeomanry units places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The Denbighshire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry were assigned to the Cavalry Brigade of VI Corps based at Crewe, alongside a Regular Royal Horse Artillery battery. This was never more than a paper organisation, but from April 1893 the Army List showed the Yeomanry regiments grouped into brigades for collective training. They were commanded by the senior regimental commanding officer but they did have a Regular Army Brigade major. The Denbighshire Hussars together with the Montgomeryshire Yeomanry formed the 15th Yeomanry Brigade.[13]
In 1885 Capt Sydney Platt began recruiting for the Denbighshire Hussars in neighbouring Caernarfonshire, which had no yeomanry.[17]
Imperial Yeomanry galloping over a plain during the Second Boer War.
The Yeomanry was not intended to serve overseas, but following a string of defeats during Black Week in early December 1899, the British government realised that it would need more troops than just the regular army to fight the Second Boer War, particularly mounted troops. On 13 December, the War Office decided to allow volunteer forces to serve in the field, and a Royal Warrant was issued on 24 December that officially created the Imperial Yeomanry (IY). The Royal Warrant asked standing Yeomanry regiments to provide service companies of approximately 115 men each. In addition to this, many British citizens (usually mid-upper class) volunteered to join the new force.[18][19][20][21]
The Denbighshire Hussars raised the 29th (Denbighshire) Company for the IY, which arrived in South Africa on 5 March 1900 and served with other Welsh companies in 9th Battalion, IY.[2][7][5][21][22][23][24] The company served until 1901, earning the regiment its first Battle honour: South Africa 1900–01.[5][13][25]
Denbighshire Imperial Yeomanry
The Imperial Yeomanry were trained and equipped as Mounted infantry. The concept was considered a success and the existing Yeomanry regiments at home were converted into Imperial Yeomanry in 1901, with an establishment of RHQ and four squadrons with a machine gun section. This included the Denbighshire Hussars Imperial Yeomanry (DHIY), with RHQ at Denbigh. The new establishment represented almost a trebling of the regiment's strength, which allowed the raising of C (Carnarvon) Squadron, recruited by Capt Eric Platt in Caernarfonshire, including a troop from Anglesey, and allocating D Squadron to Cheshire. The Yeomanry Brigade system was abolished at the same time.[5][13][17][26]
C (Carnarvon) Sqn was represented at the 1901 regimental training at Ruabon, and was well enough organised and trained to provide mounted escorts for a visit to the county in May 1902 by the Prince and Princess of Wales. It was organised as follows:[13][17]
The Imperial Yeomanry were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908.[29][30][31] and the regiment was officially titled the Denbighshire Yeomanry (Hussars) with the following organisation:[5][13][32][33]
When war was declared on 4 August 1914, the Denbighshire Hussars mobilised at their drill halls under the command of Lt-Col H.P. Sykes, a retired RegularArmy captain who had been in command since 21 December 1910. The regiment assembled with the WBMB and then went with it to its war stations in East Anglia.[2][13][32][45][46][47]
In accordance with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7, c.9) which brought the TF into being, it was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on 10 August 1914 the TF was invited to volunteer for overseas service. On 15 August the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. Later, the 2nd Line was prepared for overseas service and a 3rd Line was formed to act as a reserve, providing trained replacements for the 1st and 2nd Line regiments.[48][49][50]
The 1/1st Welsh Border Mounted Brigade joined the 1st Mounted Division in September 1914. It was stationed around Bungay, moving to Beccles in February 1915. The brigade was dismounted in November 1915 and thereafter the regiments acted as infantry. Early in 1916 the 1/1st Welsh Border and 1/1st South Wales Mounted Brigade left 1st Mounted Division and were sent to Egypt, disembarking at Alexandria on 15 March. As soon as they arrived, on 20 March, they were amalgamated to form the 4th Dismounted Brigade.[47][32][45][46][51][52]
Meanwhile in February 1917 the dismounted Yeomanry regiments comprising the new division were converted into numbered battalions of an infantry regiment recruiting from the same area. Thus on 1 March 1/1st Denbighshire Hussars became 24th (Denbighshire Yeomanry) Battalion of the Royal Welch Fusiliers.[2][46][47][32][55][56][58][59][60][61]
The German spring offensive in March 1918 led to an urgent call for the EEF to supply reinforcements for the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front,. On 3 April 1918, 74th (Y) Division was warned that it would move to France and by 30 April 1918 had completed embarkation at Alexandria. 24th RWF landed at Marseilles in early May. The division then began training for the battle conditions of the Western Front.[55][56][59][61][64][65]
Due to a lack of replacements, British[a] infantry divisions on the Western Front had been reduced from 12 to nine battalions at the beginning of 1918.[66] To conform with this new structure, one battalion left each brigade of 74th (Y) Division, 24th RWF being the battalion selected from 231st Bde.[b] On 21 June the three battalions were used to reconstitute 94th Brigade of 31st Division, which was renamed the 94th (Yeomanry) Brigade on that date.[55][56][59][61][67][68][69][70]
The battalion remained with 94th (Y) Bde in 31st Division for the rest of the war, taking part in the Action of Le Becque (28 June), the Capture of Vieux-Berquin (13 August) and the Final Advance in Flanders, including the Fifth Battle of Ypres (28 September–2 October) and the Action at Tieghem (31 October). After a period in reserve, the division was pushing forward through Belgium from Avelghem to Renaix when the Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November.[59][61][69][70]
24th (Denbigh Yeomanry) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, was demobilised in 1919.[2]
In April 1916, it left 63rd (2nd N) Division and moved with its brigade to East Anglia where it joined the 1st Mounted Division, replacing its 1st Line, which had left (dismounted) for Egypt.[71][46] By July it had moved with its brigade to the Morpeth, Northumberland area.[47]
In July 1916 there was a major reorganisation of 2nd Line yeomanry units in the United Kingdom. All but 12 regiments were converted to cyclists and as a consequence the regiment was dismounted and the brigade converted to 10th Cyclist Brigade in 1st Cyclist Division (the former 1st Mounted Division). Further reorganisation in October and November 1916 saw the division broken up and the brigade redesignated as 6th Cyclist Brigade in November, still in the Morpeth area.[2][47][45][46]
At this time the regiment departed for the 1st Cyclist Brigade at Beccles in Suffolk where it was amalgamated with the 2/1st Montgomeryshire Yeomanry as the 3rd (Denbigh and Montgomery) Yeomanry Cyclist Battalion.[d] The regiment resumed its separate identity as 2/1st Denbighshire Hussars in March 1917. It moved to Worlingham (near Beccles) in July, to Aldeburgh in January 1918 and back to Worlingham in April. The battalion disbanded at Beccles on 29 October 1918.[2][47]
3/1st Denbighshire Hussars
The 3rd Line regiment was formed in 1915 and in the summer it was affiliated to a Reserve Cavalry Regiment at The Curragh. In the summer of 1916 it was dismounted and attached to the 3rd Line Groups of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division as its 1st Line was serving as infantry. The regiment was disbanded in about February 1917 with the personnel transferring to the 2/1st Denbighshire Hussars or to the 4th (Reserve) Battalion of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers at Oswestry.[2][47]
The Denbighshire Hussars reformed at Wrexham when the TF was reconstituted on 7 February 1920.[2][5][74] Postwar, a commission was set up to consider the shape of the TF (Territorial Army (TA) from 1 October 1921). Wartime experience showed that the army had too many mounted units, and so only the 14 most senior Yeomanry regiments were retained in the TA as horsed cavalry, the remainder being converted to other roles,[e] mainly as artillery.[75][76][77] On 1 March 1922 the Denbighshire Hussars were converted to artillery and merged with 61st Medium Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). This had been reformed in 1920 from the prewar Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery[f] as 12th (Carnarvon and Denbigh) Medium Brigade',[g] in the TF and then renumbered in the TA. The merged unit became the 61st Carnarvon and Denbigh (Yeomanry) Medium Brigade, RGA[h] with the following organisation:[2][5][13][79][74][80]
Brigade HQ at Drill Hall, Colwyn Bay, from Denbighshire Hussars
241st (Carnarvon) Med Bty at Bangor, from 61st Medium Bde
242nd (Carnarvon) Med Bty (Howitzer) at Llandudo, from Denbighshire Hussars
243rd (Denbigh) Med Bty (H) at Colwyn Bay, from Denbighshire Hussars
244th (Denbigh) Med Bty (H) at Wrexham from Denbighshire Hussars
In 1938 the RA modernised its nomenclature and a lieutenant-colonel's command was designated a 'regiment' rather than a 'brigade'; this applied to TA brigades from 1 November 1938. The TA was doubled in size after the Munich Crisis, and most regiments formed duplicates. During 1939 61st (C&DY) Med Rgt divided as follows:[2][5][79][74][82][83]
61st (Carnarvon & Denbighshire) Medium Regiment
Regimental HQ at Colwn Bay
242 (Carnarvon) Med Battery at Llandudno
243 (Denbigh) Med Battery at Colwyn Bay
69th Medium Regiment
RHQ at Bangor
241 (Carnarvon) Med Battery at Bangor
244 (Denbigh) Med Battery at Wrexham
World War II
61st Carnarvon & Denbigh (Yeomanry) Medium Regiment
When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 69th Med Rgt was formally disbanded [2][82] and 61st Med Rgt reformed as 361 (Carnarvon, and Denbigh Yeomanry) Medium Regiment[i] at Colwyn Bay.[2][5][79][74][99][100] The CO was Lt-Col Owen Williams-Wynn, son of the regiment's Honorary Colonel and himself the former adjutant of the regiment 1936–39.[13][101]
[further reductions] On 1 April 1969 the regiment was reduced to a cadre at Prestatyn under 119 Independent Light Reconnaissance Platoon, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME); some HQ personnel were absorbed into a platoon of A Company, Welsh Volunteers detached at Prestatyn, and others into the REME platoon; others from Q Bty were absorbed into a platoon of A Co Welsh Volunteers detached to Colwyn Bay.[5][79][103]
Finally, on 1 April 1971 the cadre was disbanded to reform as infantry, finding B (Flintshire and Denbighshire Yeomanry) Company in 3rd (Volunteer) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers.[5][79][103] The Denbighshire Yeomanry lineage was discontinued from 1999 but on 1 April 2014 a new 398 (Flintshire & Denbighshire Yeomanry) Transport Squadron, Royal Logistic Corps, was formed in the Army Reserve. It took on a new primary role as Drivers within 157 (Welsh) Regiment RLC. They have other secondary duties and can be trained as ammunition technicians, logistic specialists, logistic communications specialists and chefs among other trades open to all with the RLC.[104]
Heritage and ceremonial
Uniforms and insignia
From the beginning the regiment wore a blue jacket with three vertical rows of silver buttons; there may have been lace loops across the front, but they had gone by 1820. A Tarleton helmet was worn from 1795, being replaced by a black japanned Romanesque helmet with bearskin crest by 1831. The crest was replaced by a flowing red plume in 1840.[7] By 1850 the jacket had scarlet facings and the badge was the Prince of Wales's feathers, coronet and 'Ich Dien' motto.[3] In 1856 the regiment adopted a Hussar uniform with six white loops across the front and a black Dragoon helmet with red plume. In 1862 the helmet was replaced by a Hussarbusby with scarlet bag and white plume. Collars, cuffs and trouser stripes were also scarlet.[7][8][13][105][106]
The full dress uniform of the Denbighshire Hussars Imperial Yeomanry reflected the Boer War experience of the IY alongside Colonial units. The head dress was a drab felt Slouch hat with a scarlet pagri and white feather Hackle; the left side was turned up and displayed the regimental cap badge. For ordinary wear a drab Field service cap with scarlet piping was worn, officers also having a drab Peaked cap with scarlet top and band. The double-breasted drab tunic with scarlet collar and shoulder-straps had a lancer-style scarlet plastron front for full dress. The brass cap and collar badges from 1901 consisted of the Prince of Wales's insignia, the officers' cap badge in gilt or silver having the addition of a scroll underneath inscribed 'DENBIGHSHIRE HUSSARS'. Brass 'D.H.I.Y.' shoulder-titles were worn.[7][8][13][17]
By 1908 the regiment had reverted to the blue hussar uniform for full dress, but many yeomanry regiments wore a less elaborate parade dress comprising a blue patrol jacket and peaked cap (see picture),[107] In other orders of dress the standard khaki cavalry uniform was worn.
In 1949 361 Med Rgt replaced the Royal Artillery 'gun' badge with one of their own design. It comprised the Prince of Wales's insignia above a scroll inscribed 'CAERNARVON & DENBIGH YEO'. The feathers and motto were in white metal and the coronet and scroll in gilt. RA 'bomb' collar badges' continued to be worn.[79]
There is a memorial to the 17 men of 29th (Denbighshire) Company Imperial Yeomanry who died on active service during the Second Boer War inside St Giles' Church in Wrexham.[108][109]
A regimental memorial to the Denbighshire Hussars, commemorating the regiment from raising in 1796 to the end of its cavalry incarnation in 1920 and listing its battle honours, is near the north door of the nave of St Asaph Cathedral.[110]
The Royal Artillery was present in nearly all battles and would have earned most of the honours awarded to cavalry and infantry regiments. In 1833, William IV awarded the motto Ubique (meaning "everywhere") in place of all battle honours.[111]
^James also names the combined unit as 3rd (Denbigh and Montgomery) Yeomanry Cyclist Battalion[72] which seems more plausible than 3rd (Montgomery and Denbigh Yeomanry) Cyclist Battalion given that the Denbighshire Hussars were ranked 16th in the Yeomanry order of precedence whereas the Montgomeryshire Yeomanry were ranked 35th.[73]
^The Lovat Scouts and Scottish Horse remained mounted as "scouts"; eight regiments were converted to Armoured Car Companies of the Royal Tank Corps, one was absorbed into a local infantry battalion, one became a signals unit and two were disbanded. The remainder were converted to artillery.
^The contemporary spelling in all formal documents was 'Carnarvon', not 'Caernarvon', or today's preferred 'Caernarfon'.
^In contemporary RA usage a brigade was a lieutenant-colonel's command consisting of batteries 'brigaded' together; it was not comparable with an infantry or cavalry brigade commanded by a brigadier-general. In the Territorials, unlike the Regulars, unit heritage is carried by the brigade/regiment, rather than the battery.[78]
^This is the form of the title given in the Army List; other usually authoritative sources such Frederick[2] and Litchfield[79] render it as '61st (Carnarvon & Denbigh Yeomanry)'.
^The positioning of the comma in the subtitle was significant: it recognised that the original Caernarfonshire component had been artillery and not yeomanry.
^The positioning of the comma in the title is important: the Flintshires were never Yeomanry.
^Order of Battle of the Forces in the United Kingdom, Part 2: 21 Army Group, 24 July 1943, with amendments, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 212/238.
^Townend & Baldwin, pp. 315–35, 369–79, 447–57, 461.
^Pritchard, T.W. (1997). St Asaph Cathedral/Eglwys Gadeiriol Llanelwy. R.J.L. Smith & Associates, Much Wenlock, Shropshire. p. 19. ISBN1-872665-91-8.Guide to the cathedral.
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Lt-Col J.D. Sainsbury, The Hertfordshire Yeomanry Regiments, Royal Artillery, Part 1: The Field Regiments 1920-1946, Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Trust/Hart Books, 1999, ISBN0-948527-05-6.
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