Deng Xi (/ˈdʌŋ ˈʃiː/;[1] Chinese: 鄧析; Wade–Giles: Têng Hsi, c. 545 – 501 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher and rhetorician who was associated with the Chinese philosophical tradition School of Names. Once a senior official of the Zheng state, and a contemporary of Confucius, he is regarded as China's earliest known lawyer, with clever use of words and language in lawsuits. The Zuo Zhuan and Annals of Lü Buwei critically credit Deng with the authorship of a penal code, the earliest known statute in Chinese criminology entitled the "Bamboo Law". This was developed to take the place of the harsh, more Confucian criminal code developed by the Zheng statesman Zichan.

Deng is regarded as the first proponent to advocate following the li, or pattern of things. A term which refers to the processing of jade, it would be utilized by the neo-Mohists as the term identifying the logic and history of a thing in the growth of a proposition. With arguments pertaining to forms and names, Deng Xi is cited by Liu Xiang for the origin of the Xingmingjia school of names principle of xingming, as referring to the matching of words and results. Similarly utilized by Shen Buhai and Han Fei as pertaining to administration, or "Legalism", this would likely make him an important contributor to both Chinese philosophy, as especially the school of names, and the foundations of Chinese statecraft.

Associated with litigation, he is said to have argued for the permissibility of contradictory propositions, engaging in hair-splitting debates on the interpretation of laws, legal principles and definitions. However, the purpose of his concept of bian is specifically to examine and distinguish categories so as to prevent hindrances or disturbances, with inferences are then made categorically. He distinguishes great and small bian ethically rather than logically, as Xun Kuang would later (although the Mohists also had ethical discussions). Under the influence of the Mohists, Xun Kuang would suggest categorization as a key to the understanding of things.[2][3]

Deng Xi Zi

The Han History (Hanshu) attributes two scrolls of writings to Deng Xi, neither of which survives,[4] though Professor Zhenbin Sun at least considers the text bearing Deng's name to reflect his thought. It recommends that a wise king "follow names and observe actualities, examine laws and establish authority", saying that "positions cannot be surpassed, official titles cannot be used, and officials have their own responsibilities according to their names and titles. The superior follows the names and inspects if they correspond to actuality, the subordinate carries the orders and puts them into practice."[5] Along more logical lines comparable to Mozi it advocates "distinguishing different categories so that they may not hinder each other, and to organise different bases so that they may not disturb each other."[6]

Biography

Developing his debating skills in the legal courts of the state of Zheng, Deng served as a minor official there. Depicted as taking both sides of his cases, he is said to have argued for the permissibility of contradictory propositions, likely engaging in hair-splitting debates on the interpretation of laws, legal principles and definitions.[7] The Annals of Lu Buwei introduce him as a man who could "argue a right to be wrong and a wrong to be right, [for whom] right and wrong had no fixed standard, and 'yea' and nay' changed every day.... What he wished to win always won, and whom he desired to punish was always punished."[8]

Deng attracted many clients seeking legal advice, and apparently charging for cases in articles of clothing, he would eventually have enough to count himself rich.[9] With Xunzi's book pairing him with Hui Shi, it is difficult to separate their contributions. An example of his sophistry:

The Wei River was extremely high. A person from the house of a rich man of Zheng drowned. Someone found the body. The rich man asked to buy it back. The man demanded very much money. The rich man told Deng Xi about it. Deng Xi said, “Calm down. There's certainly no one else he can sell the body to.” The man who found the body was troubled by this and told Deng Xi about it. Deng Xi replied to him by saying, “Calm down. There's certainly nowhere else they can buy the body.”[10][11][12]

Despite this portrayal, more modern scholars consider that, having taken the time to write his own penal code, Deng may have been a well-intentioned legal reformer opposing what he saw as the suppression of ideas and opinions. Nit-picking over aspects of the law to defy Zichan's attempts to stop the publication of posters, Professors Xing Lu and Zhenbin Sun consider Deng wanted to challenge Confucian Li in favour of litigation and a free exchange, favouring what is termed "big" or communal arguments over petty ones as better resolving issues.[13]

Legacy

Deng Xi was executed in 501 BC, by Si Chuan, the ruler of the state of Zheng. Si Chuan then adopted his penal code.[14]

The Xunzi paired him with Hui Shi as part of a general intellectual tradition, though the two lived 200 years apart. Xunzi's primary complaint about the two was that they didn't conform to ritual and "righteousness", or the "facts about right and wrong", portraying him as a talented person who, neglecting the way of Confucian morality, wasted his time on pointless intellectual games and sophistry. Han Fei tended to dismiss the Logicians as useless, despite the 'Legalists' deriving a part of their statecraft from them.[15]

References

Footnotes
  1. ^ "Xi". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  2. ^ "China's First Legal Pioneer: Deng Xi". October 2019. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
  3. ^
    • Fraser, Chris, "School of Names", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
    https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/school-names/
  4. ^ Fraser, Chris (2017), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), "School of Names", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2023-08-23
  5. ^ Xing Lu. 1998. p.134. Rhetoric in Ancient China, Fifth to Third Century, B.C.E. https://books.google.com/books?id=72QURrAppzkC&pg=PA134
  6. ^ Sun, Zhenbin (2014-09-10). Language, Discourse, and Praxis in Ancient China. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-54865-9.
  7. ^ Antonio S. Cua 2003 p.492. Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy. https://books.google.com/books?id=yTv_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA492
  8. ^ Sun, Zhenbin (2014-09-10). Language, Discourse, and Praxis in Ancient China. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-54865-9.
  9. ^ Lu, Xing (1998). Rhetoric in Ancient China, Fifth to Third Century, B.C.E.: A Comparison with Classical Greek Rhetoric. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-216-5.
  10. ^ Deng Xi’s Exploits, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, retrieved 2011-04-02
  11. ^ Lü Shi Chun Qiu: Li Wei (Chinese), Chinese Text Project
  12. ^ Norden, Bryan W. Van (2011-03-11). Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy. Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-60384-615-8.
  13. ^ Xing Lu. 1998. p.130-132. Rhetoric in Ancient China, Fifth to Third Century, B.C.E. https://books.google.com/books?id=72QURrAppzkC&pg=PA131
  14. ^ "School of Names > Deng Xi's Exploits (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Spring 2017 Edition)". plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
  15. ^ Fraser, Chris (2017), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), "School of Names", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2023-08-23
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