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((Short description|Departments of Peru))
((More citations needed|date=January 2011))
((Use dmy dates|date=August 2020))
((Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name                    = Department of Madre de Dios
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = 
| settlement_type         = [[Regions of Peru|Region]]
| image_skyline           = PuertoMaldonado Rio Madre de Dios.jpg
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = [[Madre de Dios River]], [[Puerto Maldonado]]
| image_flag              = Flag of Madre de Dios Department.svg 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = COA Madre de Dios.svg
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = Peru - Madre de Dios Department (locator map).svg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the department of Madre de Dios in Peru
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates = ((coord|-11.99|-70.59|type:adm1st_region:PE|display=inline,title))
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = [[Peru]]
| subdivision_type1       = Subdivisions
| subdivision_name1       = 3 provinces and 11 districts
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = Capital
| seat                    = [[Puerto Maldonado]]
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = Governor
| leader_name             = Luis Hidalgo Okimura<br><small>(2019–2022)</small>
| unit_pref               = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_total_km2          = 85300.54
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_note               = 
| elevation_footnotes     = (Capital)
| elevation_m             = 
| elevation_max_m         = 3932
| elevation_min_m         = 183
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 141070 
| population_as_of        = 2017
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = 
| population_note         = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = [[UBIGEO]]
| postal_code             = 17
| area_code_type          = [[Telephone numbers in Peru|Dialing code]]
| area_code               = 082
| iso_code                = PE-MDD
| website                 = [http://www.regionmadrededios.gob.pe/ www.regionmadrededios.gob.pe]
| footnotes               = 
| blank_name_sec1        = Principal resources
| blank_info_sec1        = [[Cotton]], [[coffee]], [[sugar cane]], [[cacao bean]]s, [[Brazil nut]]s, [[palm oil]], [[gold]], [[rice]], [[coconut]], [[wood]].
| blank2_name_sec1        = Poverty rate
| blank2_info_sec1        = 36.7%
| blank3_name_sec1        = Percentage of Peru's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]
| blank3_info_sec1        = 0.37%
))
'''Madre de Dios''' (((IPA-es|ˈmaðɾe ðe ˈðjos|-|ES-pe - Madre de Dios.ogg)), ((lang-en|Mother of God))) is a [[Political division of Peru#Current division|department]] and region in southeastern [[Peru]], bordering Brazil, [[Bolivia]] and the Peruvian departments of [[department of Puno|Puno]], [[Cusco Region|Cusco]] and [[Ucayali Region|Ucayali]], in the Amazon Basin. Its capital is the city of [[Puerto Maldonado]]. It is also the third largest department in Peru, after Ucayali and [[Department of Loreto|Loreto]]. However, it is also the least densely populated department in Peru, as well as its least populous department. It has one of the lowest poverty rates in Peru.

The name of the department is derived from the [[Madre de Dios River]], ultimately a tributary of the Amazon, and named by ethnic Spanish colonists. It is a very common [[Spanish language]] designation for the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]], literally meaning Mother of God.

==Geography==
The department is almost entirely low-lying [[Amazon rainforest]]. The climate is warm and damp, with average temperatures around ((convert|26|C|F)) [max.: ((convert|34|C|F)), min.: ((convert|21|C|F))]. The rainy season is from December to March, when torrential rainfall causes rivers to swell and often overflow their banks. Annual precipitation can be as much as ((convert|3|m|ft)).

The north-western boundary with the [[Cusco Region]] is known as the Isthmus of Fitzcarrald, a series of small and low mountains that separate the [[Madre de Dios River]] and the [[Urubamba River|Urubamba]]/[[Ucayali River]] basins.

Notable rivers in the [[Madre de Dios River]] [[Drainage basin|watershed]] are the [[Inambari River|Inambari]], [[Tambopata River|Tambopata]], [[Manú River|Manu]], [[Tahuamanu River|Tahuamanu]], [[Las Piedras River (Peru)|Las Piedras]] (also known as Tacuatimanu River), [[Heath River|Heath]], [[Acre River|Acre]] and [[Los Amigos River|Los Amigos]].

Due to the vast size of the area and its low population density, rivers provide the best way of getting from one town to another. Human activity is invariably confined to riverbanks. A number of explorers have searched for the lost city of ''[[Paititi]]'' in the jungle within the region. A new road that opened in early 2011 through the area will connect Brazil and Peru for trade, and change the isolation of this area.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12298257 Dan Collyns,"Amazon road set to give Brazil and Peru new trade route"], BBC News, 28 January 2011</ref>

The only important highway is between the Peruvian cities of [[Puerto Maldonado]] and [[Cusco]], ((convert|510|km|mi)) away in the [[Cuzco Department]]. It is part of the newly built Interoceanic Road between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, passing by the border town [[Iñapari]] on the Acre river. Flights between Cusco and Puerto Maldonado remain the most common and quicker method of transport between the two.

From Puerto Maldonado a road about ((convert|55|km|mi)) long leads to the mining town Laberinto ("Labyrinth"). A second road is between the village of Pillcopata and Itahuania (into the Manú National Park). It is a roughly ((convert|350|km|mi))-long [[single-track road]] that is hard to travel in the rainy season. It also has a dirt road to the native community of Infierno ("Hell"), where the [[Ese'ejas]] (or [[Guarayos]]) live. Their chief is Agustín Shapaja, who led the famous expedition (made into a TV special) to the Candamo. He was featured in the TV documentary ''El Candamo, la Ultima Tierra sin Hombres'' (The Candamo, The Last Land without Men).

==Economy==
Madre de Dios depends heavily on natural products and raw materials for its economy. There is virtually no manufacturing industry. The main agricultural products are:

#[[Cotton]]
#[[Coffee]]
#[[Sugarcane]]
#[[Cacao bean]]s
#[[Brazil nut]]s
#[[Palm oil]]

[[Gold mining]] is the only other large industry of the region, confined mainly to alluvium adjacent to the Inambari and Madre de Dios rivers. Significant [[deforestation]] has resulted due to this activity.<ref name=terra-i.org /> In addition, techniques for gold mining have been described as resulting in both a major environmental and public health problem.<ref>((cite journal |journal= PLOS ONE |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=4 |title= Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: Global Prices, Deforestation, and Mercury Imports |vauthors=Swenson JJ, Carter CE, Domec J, Delgado CI |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018875|pages=e18875 |pmid=21526143 |pmc=3079740|bibcode=2011PLoSO...618875S |doi-access=free ))</ref><ref name=dailyclimate>((cite web|title=In Peru, hopes for carbon deal wash away with the soil: A newly paved highway has sparked a Klondike-style gold rush in Peru's rich rain forest, threatening the country's chances to strike carbon-offset deals on the international market.|url=http://wwwp.dailyclimate.org/tdc-newsroom/2011/02/peru-gold-mining|access-date=15 February 2013|author=Barbara Fraser|date=14 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018002243/http://wwwp.dailyclimate.org/tdc-newsroom/2011/02/peru-gold-mining|archive-date=18 October 2013|url-status=dead))</ref> Most gold miners use liquid [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] to extract gold particles from the [[alluvium]].<ref name=terra-i.org>((cite web|title=The Devastating Costs of the Rush for Gold in Madre de Dios, Peru|url=http://www.terra-i.org/terra-i/news/news-The-Devastating-Costs-of-the-Rush-for-Gold-in-Madre-de-Dios-Peru.html|publisher=terra-i.org|access-date=15 February 2013|author=Alejandro Coca|author2=Louis Reymondin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018030349/http://www.terra-i.org/terra-i/news/news-The-Devastating-Costs-of-the-Rush-for-Gold-in-Madre-de-Dios-Peru.html|archive-date=18 October 2013|url-status=dead))</ref> They often handle the [[toxic]] liquid mercury with their bare hands.<ref name=terra-i.org/> To purify the gold particles, the mercury is burned off.<ref name=dailyclimate /> After being vaporized, mercury particles contaminate the surrounding ecosystems. Mercury [[Biomagnification|bioaccumulates]] throughout the [[food chain]] to become concentrated in top [[predator]]s, such as large river fish and carnivorous birds. The local people may be harmed by direct contact with the element, as well as by ingesting dangerous levels of mercury when they eat the fish. Mercury results in a variety of neurological and congenital health problems.

[[Ecotourism]] is a major emerging industry in Madre de Dios. A number of lodges in Manu and Tambopata are becoming part of what is described as the Vilcabamba-Amboró Corridor. Some of these EcoLodges offer adventure activities as well, such as [http://www.backpackingpuertomaldonadotours.com Ecoaventuras Amazonicas]. New legislation encourages private investors to create concessions for conservation or ecotourism. This is to extend the reaches of the public protected areas. This integration includes native communities, which are increasingly involved in ecotourism. The importance of including the local population relies on the long-term incentives for leaving standing forest. The local population is integrated into conservation initiatives as well as economic cycles.

==Political divisions==
The region is divided into three [[province]]s (provincias, singular: provincia), which are composed of 11 [[Districts of Peru|district]]s (distritos, singular: distrito). The provinces, with their capitals in parentheses, are:
* [[Manú Province|Manu]] ([[Salvación]])
* [[Tahuamanu Province|Tahuamanu]] ([[Iñapari]])
* [[Tambopata Province|Tambopata]] ([[Puerto Maldonado]])

== Demographics ==

=== Languages ===
According to the national [[2007 Peru Census]], the language learnt first by most of the residents of the region was [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (80.00%), followed by [[Quechua language|Quechua]] (16.53%). The Quechua varieties spoken in Madre de Dios are [[Cusco–Collao Quechua]] and Santarrosino [[Kichwa]]. The following table shows the breakdown by province of first languages:<ref>[http://iinei.inei.gob.pe/iinei/RedatamCpv2007.asp?id=ResultadosCensales?ori=C inei.gob.pe] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127005551/http://iinei.inei.gob.pe/iinei/RedatamCpv2007.asp?id=ResultadosCensales%3Fori%3DC |date=27 January 2013 )) INEI, Peru, Censos Nacionales 2007</ref>

{|class="wikitable" border="1" style="width:35%;" border="1"
|-bgcolor=#EFEFEF
! Province
! [[Quechua languages|Quechua]]
! [[Aymara language|Aymara]]
! [[Asháninka language|Asháninka]]
! Another native language
! [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
! Foreign language
! Deaf or mute
! Total
|-
|Manu
|align="right" |5,731
|align="right" |239
|align="right" |9
|align="right" |1,540
|align="right" |11,170
|align="right" |18 	
|align="right" |16
|align="right" |18,723
|-
|Tahuamanu
|align="right" |897
|align="right" |166
|align="right" |7
|align="right" |74
|align="right" |8,870
|align="right" |94 	
|align="right" |15
|align="right" |10,123
|-
|Tambopata
|align="right" |10,202
|align="right" |586
|align="right" |14
|align="right" |481
|align="right" |61,387
|align="right" |197 	
|align="right" |75
|align="right" |72,942
|-
|'''Total'''
|align="right" |16,830
|align="right" |991
|align="right" |30
|align="right" |2,095	
|align="right" |81,427 	
|align="right" |309
|align="right" |106
|align="right" |101,788 			
|-
|'''%'''
|align="right" |16.53
|align="right" |0.97
|align="right" |0.03
|align="right" |2.06
|align="right" |80.00
|align="right" |0.30
|align="right" |0.10
|align="right" |100.00
|-
|}

==Culture==
The region is the location of many ancient Inca ruins. Several [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] tribes survive in the jungle of the Amazon Basin. ((citation needed|date=January 2015))

== Places of interest ==
* [[Amarakaeri Communal Reserve]]
* [[Purús Communal Reserve]]
* [[Tambopata National Reserve]]

==Representation in other media==
*This area was the setting of Werner Herzog's ''[[Fitzcarraldo]]'' (1982), based on the exploits of [[Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald]] (1862–1897), a rubber baron from [[Iquitos]].
*In the science fiction novel ''[[Primeval: Shadow of the Jaguar]]'' (2008), most of the story takes place in Madre de Dios. A time anomaly has opened and let a pack of prehistoric ''[[Thylacosmilus]]'' into the modern world.
*The region is the subject of a memoir by conservationist and explorer ''[[Paul Rosolie]]'', ''Mother of God: An Extraordinary Journey into the Uncharted Tributaries of the Western Amazon'' (2014)
*The region is the primary setting for the memoir ''Ruthless River: Love and Survival by Raft on the Amazon's Relentless Madre de Dios'' (2017) by Holly Fitzgerald about an ill-fated rafting journey in 1973.

==See also==
*[[Julio Cusurichi Palacios]], environmentalist

==Footnotes==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.regionmadrededios.gob.pe Madre de Dios Region official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050306182708/http://www.peru.com/peruinfo/ingles/info_dptos/madredi/madredi.htm Peru Info: Madre de Dios Region]

((Regional capitals of Peru))
((Regions of Peru))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Madre de Dios Region| ]]
[[Category:Departments of Peru|Madre de Dios]]
[[Category:Regions of Peru|Madre de Dios]]

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