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((Short description|Instrument that indicates depth below a reference surface))
((For|engineering instruments|Gauge (instrument)))
((More citations needed|date=August 2018))
((Infobox diving equipment
|name         = Depth gauge 
|image        = USMC-17563.jpg
|alt          = A diver's left wrist, wearing a diving watch and mechanical depth gauge with a needle indicator
|caption      = US Marine diver with a diving watch and an analog depth gauge
|acronym      = 
|other_names  = 
|uses         = 
|inventor     = 
|manufacturer = 
|model        = 
|related      = 
))
[[File:Depth gauge.jpg|right|thumb|A digital depth gauge combined with a timer and temperature display, also referred to as a "Bottom timer"]]

A '''depth gauge''' is an instrument for measuring [[depth (coordinate)|depth]] below a [[vertical reference]] surface. They include depth gauges for underwater diving and similar applications.
A diving depth gauge is a [[pressure gauge]] that displays the equivalent depth below the free surface in water. The relationship between depth and pressure is linear and accurate enough for most practical purposes, and for many purposes, such as diving, it is actually the pressure that is important. It is a piece of [[diving equipment]] used by [[Underwater diving|underwater divers]], [[submarine]]s and [[submersible]]s.

Most modern diving depth gauges have an [[electronics|electronic]] mechanism and [[Digital data|digital]] display. Earlier types used a [[machine|mechanical]] mechanism and [[analog circuit|analogue]] display. Digital depth gauges used by divers commonly also include a timer showing the interval of time that the diver has been submerged. Some show the diver's rate of ascent and descent, which can be is useful for avoiding [[barotrauma]]. This combination instrument is also known as a [[bottom timer]]. An electronic depth gauge is an essential component of a [[dive computer]].

As the gauge only measures water pressure, there is an inherent inaccuracy in the depth displayed by gauges that are used in both [[fresh water]] and [[seawater]] due to the difference in the [[density|densities]] of fresh water and seawater due to salinity and temperature variations.

A depth gauge that measures the pressure of air bubbling out of an open ended hose to the diver is called a ''[[pneumofathometer]]''. They are usually calibrated in [[Metre sea water|metres of seawater]] or feet of seawater.

== History ==
Experiments in 1659 by [[Robert Boyle]] of the [[Royal Society]] were made using a barometer underwater, and led to [[Boyle's law|Boyle's Law]].<ref>Jowthhorp, John (editor), ''The Philosophical Transactions and Collections to the end of the Year MDCC: Abridged, And Disposed Under General Heads'',
W. INNYS, 1749, Volume 2, p. 3</ref>  The  French physicist, mathematician and inventor [[Denis Papin]] published ''Recuiel de diverses Pieces touchant quelques novelles Machines'' in 1695, where he proposed a depth gauge for a [[submarine]].<ref>Manstan, Roy R.; Frese Frederic J., Turtle: David Bushnell's Revolutionary Vessel, Yardley, Pa: Westholme Publishing. ((ISBN|978-1-59416-105-6)). OCLC 369779489, 2010, pp. 37, 121</ref>   
A "sea-gage" for measuring ocean depth was described in ''Philosophia Britannica'' in 1747.<ref>Martin, Benjamin, Philosophia Britannica: Or, A New & Comprehensive System of the Newtonian Philosophy, C. Micklewright & Company, 1747, p. 25</ref> But it wasn't until 1775 and the development of a depth gauge by the inventor, scientific instrument, and clock maker [[Isaac Doolittle]] of [[New Haven, Connecticut]], for [[David Bushnell]]'s submarine the ''[[Turtle (submersible)|Turtle]]'', that one was deployed in an underwater craft.  By the early nineteenth century, "the depth gauge was a standard feature on [[diving bell]]s".<ref>Marstan and Frese, p. 123</ref>

== Mode of operation ==
With water depth, the ambient pressure increases 1 [[bar (unit)|bar]] for every 10 m in fresh water at 4&nbsp;°C. Therefore, the depth can be determined by measuring the pressure and comparing it to the pressure at the surface. Atmospheric pressure varies with altitude and weather, and for accuracy the depth gauge should be calibrated to correct for local atmospheric pressure. This can be important for decompression safety at altitude. Water density varies with temperature and salinity, so for an accurate depth measurement by this method, the temperature and salinity profiles must be known. These are easily measured, but must be measured directly.

== Types ==
((further|Pressure sensor|Level sensor))

=== Boyle-Mariott depth gauge ===
The ''Boyle-Mariotte depth gauge'' consists of a transparent tube open at one end. It has no moving parts, and the tube is commonly part of a circle or a flat spiral to compactly fit onto a support. While diving, water goes into the tube and compresses an air bubble inside proportionally to the depth. The edge of the bubble indicates the depth on a [[Graduation (instrument)|scale]]. For a depth up to 10 m, this depth gauge is quite accurate, because in this range, the pressure doubles from 1 bar to 2 bar, and so it uses half of the scale. This type of gauge is also known as a capillary gauge. At greater depths, it becomes inaccurate. The maximum depth cannot be recorded with this type of depth gauge, and accuracy is strongly affected by temperature change of the air bubble while immersed.

=== Bourdon tube depth gauge ===
((main|Bourdon gauge))
[[File:Manometer anim 02.gif|right|thumb|Bourdon tube]]
The Bourdon tube depth gauge consists of a curved tube made of elastic metal, known as a [[Pressure measurement#Bourdon gauge|Bourdon tube]]. Water pressure on the tube may be on the inside or the outside depending on the design. When the pressure increases, the tube stretches, and when it decreases the tube recovers to the original curvature. This movement is transferred to a [[Indicator (distance amplifying instrument)|pointer]] by a system of gears or levers, and the pointer may have an auxiliary trailing pointer which is pushed along but does not automatically return with the main pointer, which can mark the maximum depth reached. Accuracy can be good. When carried by the diver, these gauges measure the pressure difference directly between the ambient water and the sealed internal air space of the gauge, and therefore can be influenced by temperature changes.

=== Membrane depth gauge ===
((main|Pressure measurement#Membrane))

In a membrane depth gauge, the water presses onto a metal canister with a flexible end, which is deflected proportionally to external pressure. Deflection of the [[Diaphragm (mechanical device)|membrane]] is amplified by a lever and gear mechanism and transferred to an indicator pointer like in an [[aneroid barometer]]. The pointer may push a trailing pointer which does not return by itself, and indicates the maximum. This type of gauge can be quite accurate when corrected for temperature variations.

[[Strain gauge]]s may be used to convert the pressure on a membrane to electrical resistance, which can be converted to an analog signal by a [[Wheatstone bridge]] This signal can be processed to provide a signal proportional to pressure, which may be digitised for further processing and display.

===Piezoresistive pressure sensors ===
[[File:Tauchcomputer Suunto Vyper Air.JPG|right|thumb|Dive computer showing depth display]]
Piezoresistive pressure sensors use the variation of resistivity of silicon with stress. A piezoresistive sensor consists of a silicon diaphragm on which silicon resistors are diffused during the manufacturing process. The diaphragm is bonded to a silicon wafer. The signal must be corrected for temperature variations.<ref name="omega" >((cite web|url=https://www.omega.com/en-us/resources/types-pressure-sensor |title=Pressure sensor |date=17 April 2019 |website=www.omega.com |access-date=9 December 2019 ))</ref> These pressure sensors are commonly used in [[dive computer]]s.<ref name="amsys" >((cite web|url=https://www.amsys.info/sheets/amsys.en.wp02.pdf |title=How to measure absolute pressure using piezoresistive sensing elements |website=www.amsys.info |access-date=9 December 2019 ))</ref>
((expand section|date=December 2019))

=== Pneumofathometer ===
[[File:Gas panel 1.png|thumb|left|Surface supplied diving gas panel for one diver:
((unbulleted list|PG: pneumofathometer gauge |OPV: overpressure valve |PS: pneumo snubber |PSV: pneumo supply valve |DSV: diver supply valve |MP: manifold pressure |RSV: reserve supply valve |RP: reserve pressure |MSV: main supply valve |SP: supply pressure |RGS: reserve gas supply |MGS: main gas supply |UP: umbilical pneumo hose |UB: umbilical breathing gas hose |DP: depth measured by pneumofathometer ))]][[File:Pressure gauge on Siebe Gorman manual diver's pump P3220126.jpg|thumb|Pressure gauge on Siebe Gorman manual diver's pump, indicating delivered pressure in pounds per square inch (black) and feet sea water (red)]]
[[File:Surface supply air panel for 4 divers P3053737.jpg|thumb|Surface supply air panel with supply pressure gauges (small) and pneumofathometer gauges (large diameter). The "pneumo lines" are blue.]]
A pneumofathometer is a depth gauge which indicates the depth of a surface supplied diver by measuring the pressure of air supplied to the diver. Originally there were pressure gaues mounted on the hand cranked [[diver's air pump]] used to provide [[breathing air]] to a diver wearing [[standard diving dress]], with a free-flow air supply, in which there was not much back-pressure other than the hydrostatic pressure of depth. As [[non-return valve]]s were added to the system for safety, they increased back pressure, which also increased when demand helmets were introduced, so an additional small diameter hose was added to the diver's umbilical which has no added restrictions and when a low flow rate of gas is passed through it to produce bubbles at the diver, it gives an accurate, reliable and rugged system for measuring diver depth, which is still used as the standard depth monitoring equipment for surface supplied divers. The pneumofathometer gauges are mounted on the diver's breathing gas supply panel, and are activated by a valve. The "pneumo line", as it is generally called by divers, can be used as an emergency breathing air supply, by tucking the open end into the bottom of the helmet or full face mask and opening up the valve to provide free flow air. A "gauge snubber" needle valve or orifice is fitted between the pneumo line and the gauge to reduce shock loads on the delicate mechanism, and an overpressure valve protects the gauge from pressures beyond its operating range.

== Dive computer ==
((main|Dive computer))
Dive computers have an integrated depth gauge, with [[Digitization|digitized]] output which is used in the calculation of the current [[Decompression (diving)|decompression status]] of the diver. The dive depth is displayed along with other values on the [[Display device|display]] and recorded by the computer for continuous simulation of the [[Decompression (diving)#Decompression models|decompression model]]. Most dive computers contain a [[piezoresistive pressure sensor]]. Rarely, capacitive or inductive pressure sensors are used.((citation needed|date=September 2019))

==Uses==
A diver uses a depth gauge with [[decompression tables]] and a [[watch]] to avoid [[decompression sickness]]. A common alternative to the depth gauge, watch and decompression tables is a [[dive computer]], which has an integral depth gauge, and displays the current depth as a standard function.

== Light based depth gauges in Biology ==
((section move from|date=December 2019))

A '''depth gauge''' can also be based on [[light]]: The [[brightness]] decreases with depth, but depends on the [[weather]] (e.g. whether it is sunny or cloudy) and the time of the day. Also the color depends on the water depth.<ref name="Nilsson2009">((cite journal |last1=Nilsson |first1=Dan-Eric |title=The evolution of eyes and visually guided behavior |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=31 August 2009 |volume=364 |issue=1531 |pages=2833–2847 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2009.0083 |pmid=19720648|pmc=2781862 ))</ref><ref name="Nilsson2013">((cite journal |last1=Nilsson |first1=Dan-Eric |title=Eye evolution and its functional basis |journal=Visual Neuroscience |date=12 April 2013 |volume=30 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–20 |doi=10.1017/S0952523813000035 |pmid=23578808|pmc=3632888 ))</ref>

In water, light attenuates for each [[wavelength]], differently. The [[UV]], violet (> 420&nbsp;nm), and red (< 500&nbsp;nm) wavelengths disappear before blue light (470&nbsp;nm), which penetrates clear water the deepest.<ref name="Lythgoe1988">((cite book |last1=Lythgoe |first1=John N. |chapter=Light and Vision in the Aquatic Environment |title=Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals |date=1988 |pages=57–82 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-3714-3_3 |language=en|isbn=978-1-4612-8317-1 ))</ref><ref name="Guehmann2015">((cite journal|last1=Gühmann|first1=Martin|last2=Jia|first2=Huiyong|last3=Randel|first3=Nadine|last4=Verasztó|first4=Csaba|last5=Bezares-Calderón|first5=Luis A.|last6=Michiels|first6=Nico K.|last7=Yokoyama|first7=Shozo|last8=Jékely|first8=Gáspár|title=Spectral Tuning of Phototaxis by a Go-Opsin in the Rhabdomeric Eyes of Platynereis|journal=Current Biology|date=August 2015|volume=25|issue=17|pages=2265–2271|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.017|pmid=26255845|doi-access=free))</ref> The wavelength composition is constant for each depth and is almost independent of time of the day and the [[weather]]. To gauge depth, an animal would need two [[photopigment]]s sensitive to different wavelengths to compare different ranges of the spectrum.<ref name="Nilsson2009" /><ref name="Nilsson2013" /> Such pigments may be expressed in different structures.

Such different structures are found in the [[polychaete]] ''[[Torrea candida]]''. Its eyes have a main and two accessory [[retina]]e. The accessory retinae sense UV-light (''λ''<sub>max</sub> = 400&nbsp;nm) and the main retina senses blue-green light (''λ''<sub>max</sub> = 560&nbsp;nm). If the light sensed from all retinae is compared, the depth can be estimated, and so for ''Torrea candida'' such a ratio-chromatic depth gauge has been proposed.<ref name="Wald1977">((cite journal |last1=Wald |first1=George |last2=Rayport |first2=Stephen |title=Vision in Annelid Worms |journal=Science |date=24 June 1977 |volume=196 |issue=4297 |pages=1434–1439 |doi=10.1126/science.196.4297.1434 |pmid=17776921|bibcode=1977Sci...196.1434W |s2cid=21808560 ))</ref>

A ratio chromatic depth gauge has been found in larvae of the polychaete ''[[Platynereis dumerilii]]''.<ref name="Veraszto2018">((cite journal |last1=Verasztó |first1=Csaba |last2=Gühmann |first2=Martin |last3=Jia |first3=Huiyong |last4=Rajan |first4=Vinoth Babu Veedin |last5=Bezares-Calderón |first5=Luis A. |last6=Piñeiro-Lopez |first6=Cristina |last7=Randel |first7=Nadine |last8=Shahidi |first8=Réza |last9=Michiels |first9=Nico K. |last10=Yokoyama |first10=Shozo |last11=Tessmar-Raible |first11=Kristin |last12=Jékely |first12=Gáspár |title=Ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor-cell circuits form a spectral depth gauge in marine zooplankton |journal=eLife |date=29 May 2018 |volume=7 |doi=10.7554/eLife.36440 |pmid=29809157 |pmc=6019069 |doi-access=free ))</ref> The larvae have two structures: The rhabdomeric [[photoreceptor cell]]s of the eyes<ref name="Rhode1992">((cite journal |last1=Rhode |first1=Birgit |title=Development and differentiation of the eye in Platynereis dumerilii (Annelida, Polychaeta) |journal=Journal of Morphology |date=April 1992 |volume=212 |issue=1 |pages=71–85 |doi=10.1002/jmor.1052120108|pmid=29865584 |s2cid=46930876 ))</ref> and in the deep [[brain]] the ciliary photoreceptor cells. The ciliary photoreceptor cells express a ciliary [[opsin]],<ref name=Arendt2004>((cite journal|last1=Arendt|first1=D.|last2=Tessmar-Raible|first2=K.|last3=Snyman|first3=H.|last4=Dorresteijn|first4=A.W.|last5=Wittbrodt|first5=J.|title=Ciliary Photoreceptors with a Vertebrate-Type Opsin in an Invertebrate Brain|journal=Science|date=29 October 2004|volume=306|issue=5697|pages=869–871|doi=10.1126/science.1099955|pmid=15514158|bibcode=2004Sci...306..869A|s2cid=2583520))</ref> which is a photopigment maximally sensitive to UV-light (''λ''<sub>max</sub> = 383&nbsp;nm).<ref name="Tsukamoto2017">((cite journal |last1=Tsukamoto |first1=Hisao |last2=Chen |first2=I-Shan |last3=Kubo |first3=Yoshihiro |last4=Furutani |first4=Yuji |title=A ciliary opsin in the brain of a marine annelid zooplankton is ultraviolet-sensitive, and the sensitivity is tuned by a single amino acid residue |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |date=4 August 2017 |volume=292 |issue=31 |pages=12971–12980 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M117.793539 |pmid=28623234 |pmc=5546036 |language=en |issn=0021-9258|doi-access=free ))</ref> Thus, the ciliary photoreceptor cells react on UV-light and make the larvae swimming down gravitactically. The [[gravitaxis]] here is countered by [[phototaxis]], which makes the larvae swimming up to the light coming from the surface.<ref name=Guehmann2015 /> Phototaxis is mediated by the rhabdomeric eyes.<ref name=Rande2014>((cite journal|last1=Randel|first1=Nadine|last2=Asadulina|first2=Albina|last3=Bezares-Calderón|first3=Luis A|last4=Verasztó|first4=Csaba|last5=Williams|first5=Elizabeth A|last6=Conzelmann|first6=Markus|last7=Shahidi|first7=Réza|last8=Jékely|first8=Gáspár|title=Neuronal connectome of a sensory-motor circuit for visual navigation|journal=eLife|date=27 May 2014|volume=3|doi=10.7554/eLife.02730|pmid=24867217|pmc=4059887 |doi-access=free ))</ref><ref name=Jekely2008>((cite journal|last1=Jékely|first1=Gáspár|last2=Colombelli|first2=Julien|last3=Hausen|first3=Harald|last4=Guy|first4=Keren|last5=Stelzer|first5=Ernst|last6=Nédélec|first6=François|last7=Arendt|first7=Detlev|title=Mechanism of phototaxis in marine zooplankton|journal=Nature|date=20 November 2008|volume=456|issue=7220|pages=395–399|doi=10.1038/nature07590|pmid=19020621|bibcode=2008Natur.456..395J|doi-access=free))</ref><ref name="Veraszto2018" /> The eyes express at least three opsins (at least in the older larvae),<ref name=Randel2013>((cite journal|last1=Randel|first1=N.|last2=Bezares-Calderon|first2=L. A.|last3=Gühmann|first3=M.|last4=Shahidi|first4=R.|last5=Jekely|first5=G.|title=Expression Dynamics and Protein Localization of Rhabdomeric Opsins in Platynereis Larvae|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|date=2013-05-10|volume=53|issue=1|pages=7–16|doi=10.1093/icb/ict046|pmid=23667045|pmc=3687135))</ref> and one of them is maximally sensitive to cyan light (''λ''<sub>max</sub> = 483&nbsp;nm) so that the eyes cover a broad wavelength range with phototaxis.<ref name=Guehmann2015 /> When phototaxis and gravitaxis have leveled out, the larvae have found their preferred depth.<ref name="Veraszto2018" />

==See also==
*((annotated link|Altimeter))
*((annotated link|Bathometer))
*((annotated link|Bathymetry))
*((annotated link|Depth sounding))

== References ==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120908112149/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/search?query=Depth+gauge Articles])) on depth gauges hosted by the [[Rubicon Foundation]]

((Underwater diving|divequ))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Underwater diving safety equipment]]
[[Category:Pressure gauges]]
[[Category:Vertical position]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Altimeter (edit)
Bathometer (edit)
Bathymetry (edit)
Depth gauge (edit)
Depth sounding (edit)
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Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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