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Mounted on a destrier, Richard Marshal unseats an opponent during a skirmish.

The destrier is the best-known war horse of the Middle Ages. It carried knights in battles, tournaments, and jousts. It was described by contemporary sources as the Great Horse, due to its significance.

While highly prized by knights and men-at-arms, the destrier was not very common.[1] Most knights and mounted men-at-arms rode other war horses, such as coursers and rounceys.[2]

Etymology

The word is first attested in Middle English around 1330, as destrer.[3] It was borrowed into Middle English from Anglo-Norman destrer, whose Old French counterpart was destrier (from which the Modern English spelling derives). The word is also found in medieval Provençal (as destrier) and Italian (as destriere, destriero). These forms themselves derived from the Vulgar Latin equus dextrarius, meaning "right-sided horse" (from dextra, "right hand", the same root as dextrous and dexterity).[4] This may refer to it being led by the squire at the knight's right side, as often before battle the destrier ran unburdened to keep it fresh for the fray; the knight rode another horse, mounting his destrier just before engaging the enemy. Alternatively, it could describe the horse's gait (leading with the right).[5]

Characteristics

The word destrier does not refer to a breed of horse, but to a type of horse; the finest and strongest warhorses. These horses were usually stallions, bred and raised from foalhood specifically for the needs of war. The destrier was specifically for use in battle or tournament; for everyday riding, a knight would use a palfrey, and his baggage would be carried on a sumpter horse (or packhorse), or possibly in wagons.

They had powerful hindquarters, able to easily coil and spring to a stop, spin, turn or sprint forward quickly. They also had a short back and well-muscled loin, strong bone, and a well-arched neck. From medieval art, the head of the destrier appears to have had a straight or slightly convex profile, a strong, wide jaw, and good width between the eyes.

The destrier was considered the most suited to the joust: coursers seem to have been preferred for other forms of warfare.[6]

Breeding and size

Caparisoned horses competing in a joust from the Codex Manesse

Further information: Horses in the Middle Ages

Many well-known scholars have speculated about the nature of destriers and about the size they attained. They apparently were not enormous draft types.[7] Recent research undertaken at the Museum of London, using literary, pictorial and archeological sources, suggests war horses (including destriers) averaged from 14 to 15 hands (56 to 60 inches, 142 to 152 cm), and differed from a riding horse in their strength, musculature and training, rather than in their size.[8] An analysis of medieval horse armour located in the Royal Armouries indicates the equipment was originally worn by horses of 15 to 16 hands (60 to 64 inches, 152 to 163 cm),[9] about the size and build of a modern field hunter or ordinary riding horse.[10]

Equestrian sculptures in Italy suggest a "Spanish" style of horse that today would be referred to as a Baroque horse, such as the Andalusian horse, Friesian horse, or even a heavy but agile warmblood breed such as the Irish Draught. Modern estimates put the height of a destrier at no more than 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm), but with a strong and heavy physique.[11] Though the term "Great Horse" was used to describe the destrier, leading some historians to speculate that such animals were the forerunners of modern draught horse breeds,[12] the historical record does not support the image of the destrier as a draft horse.[13][11]

Descendants and reproductions

The modern Percheron draft breed may in part descend from destriers, though it is probably taller and heavier than the average destrier. Other draft breeds such as the Shire claim destrier ancestry, though proof is less certain.

Modern attempts to reproduce the destrier type usually involve crossing an athletic riding horse with a light draft type. Outcomes of such attempts include crossbreds such as the "Spanish-Norman", a cross between the Percheron and the Andalusian;[14] and the Warlander, a cross between the Andalusian and the Friesian horse.

Value

A good destrier was very costly: at the times of the Crusades, a fine destrier was valued at seven or eight times the cost of an ordinary horse. In England, the specific sum of eighty pounds (in this context a pound was 240 silver pennies, which amounted to one pound of silver by weight[15]) was noted at the end of the thirteenth century.[16][17][18] During the important military campaigns of King Edward III in the middle of the fourteenth century, the increased demand for warhorses brought about considerable price inflation: in 1339 William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton lost a destrier valued at one hundred pounds while on campaign in Flanders.[19] Army muster rolls included detailed inventories of the warriors' horses: less than 5% of the warhorses were classified as destriers, owned only by a small elite of the most wealthy knights.[20] However, because of destriers' relative scarcity and consequent infrequent sale and purchase, reliable price information for the period has not often survived.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Prestwich, Michael. Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996, p 30
  2. ^ Oakeshott, Ewart. A Knight and his Horse, Rev. 2nd Ed. USA:Dufour Editions, 1998, pp 11-12
  3. ^ Middle English Dictionary (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1952–2001), s.v. destrēr. Cf. "destrer | destrier, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/51097. Accessed 12 September 2018.
  4. ^ "destrer | destrier, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/51097. Accessed 12 September 2018.
  5. ^ Gravett, Christopher. English Medieval Knight 1300-1400, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002, p 59
  6. ^ Oakeshott, Ewart. A Knight and his Horse, Rev. 2nd Ed. USA:Dufour Editions, 1998, p 11
  7. ^ See e.g.: Clark, John (Ed). The Medieval Horse and its Equipment: c.1150-c.1450, Rev. 2nd Ed, UK: The Boydell Press, 2004, p 23; Prestwich, Michael. Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996, p 30
  8. ^ Clark, John (Ed). The Medieval Horse and its Equipment: c.1150-c.1450, Rev. 2nd Ed, UK: The Boydell Press, 2004, p. 25
  9. ^ study by Ann Hyland, quoted in: Clark, John (Ed). The Medieval Horse and its Equipment: c.1150-c.1450, Rev. 2nd Ed, UK: The Boydell Press, 2004, p 23
  10. ^ Gravett, Christopher. English Medieval Knight 1300-1400, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002, p 59
  11. ^ a b Prestwich, Michael (1996) Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 30 ISBN 0300076630
  12. ^ Gies, Frances; Gies, Joseph (2005) Daily Life in Medieval Times. UK: Grange Books (originally published by Harper Collins in three volumes, 1969, 1974, 1990) ISBN 1-84013-811-4, p. 88
  13. ^ Clark, John (Ed) (2004) The Medieval Horse and its Equipment: c.1150-c.1450. Rev. 2nd Ed, UK: The Boydell Press ISBN 1-8438-3097-3, pp. 25, 29
  14. ^ "Breed Profile", Spanish-Norman Horse Registry, Referenced August 12, 2008.
  15. ^ Dyer, Christopher (2002). Making a living in the middle ages : the people of Britain 850-1520. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 238. ISBN 9780300090604.
  16. ^ Dyer, Christopher (1989). Standards of living in the later Middle Ages : social change in England, c. 1200-1520. Cambridge [England]. p. 72. ISBN 9780521272155.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ Nicolle, David (2002). Medieval warfare source book. Warfare in Western Christendom. London: Brockhampton. p. 267. ISBN 1-86019-889-9.
  18. ^ Ayton (1994) p.47
  19. ^ Ayton, Andrew (1994). Knights and warhorses : military service and the English aristocracy under Edward III. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. p. 215. ISBN 9780851155685.
  20. ^ Ayton (1994) p.63
  21. ^ Ayton (1994) p.41
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