This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as Reflinks (documentation), reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Die Freiheitlichen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Die Freiheitlichen
PresidentAndreas Leiter Reber
SecretaryOtto Mahlknecht
Honorary PresidentPius Leitner
Founded7 December 1992
Split fromUnion for South Tyrol
South Tyrolean People's Party
HeadquartersVia della Chiesa 62
Terlan (BZ)
IdeologySeparatism
German minority interests
National conservatism[1]
Political positionRight-wing[2]
Chamber of Deputies
0 / 630
Senate
0 / 315
European Parliament
0 / 73
Provincial Council
2 / 35
Website
die-freiheitlichen.com

Die Freiheitlichen (German: [diː ˈfʁaɪhaɪtlɪçn̩]), abbreviated dF, is a regionalist,[3] separatist[4] and national-conservative[4] political party in South Tyrol, Italy. The party, which is part of the South Tyrolean independence movement, seeks to represent the German-speaking majority and Ladin-speaking minority in the province and to separate it from Italy.[5] Broadly speaking, its ideology is similar to that of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ)[3] and the two parties maintain close contacts.[6] The long-time leader and honorary president of the party is Pius Leitner. In the 2013 provincial election the party came a distant second to the dominant South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP).

The party's name is variously translated into English as "The Freedomites",[7][8] a term frequently used for FPÖ's members by English media,[9][10][11][12] and by the FPÖ itself,[13] "The Libertarians",[14][15][16] and "The Liberals".[5][17]

History

Foundation and early years

In 1992, a group of young right-wingers led by the so-called "gang of four", including Christian Waldner, former leader of the Junge Generation (the youth section of the South Tyrolean People's Party, SVP), Peter Paul Reiner, Pius Leitner and Stephan Gutweniger, left SVP. They were soon joined by disgruntled former members of the Freedom Party of South Tyrol (FPS), who were marginalized after the merger in the Union for South Tyrol (UfS).

They launched the new party on 7 December 1992. In doing this, they were strongly encouraged by Jörg Haider, at the time leader of the Freedom Party of Austria, which is colloquially known as Die Freiheitlichen.[18] Gerold Meraner, former leader of FPS who had been a founding member of UfS, considered the new party as the legitimate heir of his FPS.[19]

Under the leadership of Waldner, the party won 6.1% of the vote in the 1993 provincial election and got two provincial councillors elected, Waldner and Leitner. Soon after the election, there were clashes over the party political line between Waldner, who espoused more nationalist attitudes, and Leitner, who was the leader of the internal liberal faction. This finally led Waldner to resign in 1994 and to start his own short-lived party, "The Liberals" (renamed "Alliance 98" in 1996).[18]

Decline and resurgence

In February 1997 Waldner was shot dead by his former political ally Reiner.[20] This dramatic event was a shock for the party and led it into a decline which seemed irreversible. In the 1998 provincial election the party's share of vote was only 2.5% and Leitner alone was elected in the Provincial Council.[21]

After that, the party saw a resurgence in 2003, when it jumped to 5.0% in the provincial election and managed to elect two provincial councillors again: Leitner and Ulli Mair, a young woman who had been party secretary since 2001.[22]

In the 2006 general election dF obtained 5.4%.[23] In the 2008 general election they almost doubled their share of vote to 9.4%.[24]

In the subsequent provincial election, dF became the second-largest party in the Province with the 14.3% of the vote (a net gain of 9.3%) and had five provincial councillors elected (up from the previous two). For the first time in history the two largest political forces of South Tyrol were German-speaking parties.[25]

More electoral successes

In February 2012, after 18 years at the head of the party, Leitner chose to step down and promote Mair as his successor.[26][27]

In March 2012, in the midst of the European sovereign-debt crisis and recession in Italy, the party officially turned to separatism, proposing the creation of a South Tyrolean independent and sovereign Freistaat (free state) through a referendum, which would need the approval also of the Italian-speaking minority.[28][29][30]

In the 2013 general election the party won 15.9% of the vote, its best result ever.[31]

In the 2013 provincial election dF won 17.9% (another record high and +3.6% since 2008), resulting in six provincial councillors.[32]

In the 2014 European Parliament election the party ran in alliance with the Lega Nord (LN).[33]

Scandal and new leadership

In June 2014, following a scandal on advance retirement payments which invested all the regional councillors,[34] the party entirely renewed its leadership by electing Walter Blaas president and appointing Simon Auer secretary.[35][36] The alliance with the LN was cemented by the endorsement of South Tyrolean self-determination by LN leader Matteo Salvini,[37][38] and the candidacy of Rosa Lamprecht, Blaas' wife, in the LNST slate in the 2016 Bolzano municipal election.[39]

In March 2017 Leitner resigned from the Provincial Council after being convicted in a minor expenses scandal.[40]

In May 2017 Andreas Leiter Reber, a hardliner, was elected party president, by beating the more moderate Arno Mall,[41] and re-launched the concept of Freistaat.[42]

The dF did not participate in the 2018 general election, while it lost most of its support, stopping at 6.2%, in the 2018 provincial election

In the 2020 municipal elections the party stood as a candidate in eleven South Tyrolean municipalities, in Merano, Bressanone, Lana, Caldaro, Eppan, Parcines, Mühlbach, Gais, Moelten, Marlengo and Burgstall, as well as with Freedom Party representatives on citizens' lists in Nals, Lajen, Rodeneck, St. Lorenzen and Sand in Taufers. After the election, the Freedom Party will have 18 municipal councillors nationwide. In 2015, there were 54 councillors, which reflects a significant decrease.[43]

Popular support

The electoral results of the party in the Province of Bolzano since 1993 are shown in the tables below.

1993 provinc. 1994 general 1994 European 1996 general 1998 provinc. 1999 European 2001 general 2003 provinc. 2004 European 2006 general
6.1 - - - 2.5 - - 5.0 - 5.4
2008 general 2008 provinc. 2009 European 2013 general 2013 provinc. 2014 European 2018 general 2018 provinc.
9.4 14.3 - 15.9 17.9 6.0[a] - 6.2
  1. ^ In list with the Lega Nord.

Election results

Provincial Council

Landtag of South Tyrol
Election year Votes % Seats +/−
1993 18,669 6.1
2 / 35
–
1998 7,543 2.5
1 / 35
Decrease 1
2003 15,121 5.0
2 / 35
Increase 1
2008 43,614 14.3
5 / 35
Increase 3
2013 51,504 17.9
6 / 35
Increase 1
2018 17,620 6.2
2 / 35
Decrease 4

Leadership

References

  1. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "South Tyrol/Italy". Parties and Elections in Europe.
  2. ^ Bruno Schoch (2019). "South Tyrol: From "Ethnic Re-parcelling" to an Archetype for Settling Ethno-territorial Conflicts". In Azer Babayev; Bruno Schoch; Hans-Joachim Spanger (eds.). The Nagorno-Karabakh Deadlock: Insights from Successful Conflict Settlements. Springer. p. 162. ISBN 978-3-658-25199-4.
  3. ^ a b Davide Vampa (2016). The Regional Politics of Welfare in Italy, Spain and Great Britain. Springer. p. 63. ISBN 978-3-319-39007-9.
  4. ^ a b Parties and Elections in Europe
  5. ^ a b Andrea Carla (2016). "Tensions and Challenges between New and Old minorities: Political Party Discourses on Migration in South Tyrol". In Roberta Medda-Windischer; Patricia Popelier (eds.). Pro-independence Movements and Immigration: Discourse, Policy and Practice. BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 978-90-04-29439-4.
  6. ^ "Pressemitteilungen". Archived from the original on 2018-03-22. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  7. ^ Tom Lansford, ed. (2017). Political Handbook of the World 2016-2017. SAGE Publications. p. 755. ISBN 978-1-5063-2715-0.
  8. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
  9. ^ "Search". The Economist. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  10. ^ Murphy, Clare (2004-03-08). "Europe | Haider's enduring appeal". BBC News. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
  11. ^ Jones, Nigel (2008-10-11). "From beer hall orator to controversial far Right leader: how Jorg Haider singlehandedly changed Austria's politics". Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
  12. ^ "The New York Times - Search". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  13. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-15. Retrieved 2014-02-26.((cite web)): CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ Rosie Scammell (2013-02-23). "German-speaking Italians reassess Rome ties - Al Jazeera English". M.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
  15. ^ Hersevoort, Tim (2012). "South Tyrol defies the crisis" (PDF). Euroviews. Danish School of Media & Journalism. p. 102.
  16. ^ Massetti, Emanuele (October 2009), Political Strategy and Ideological Adaptation in Regionalist Parties in Western Europe: A Comparative Study of the Northern League, Plaid Cymru, the South Tyrolese People's Party and the Scottish National Party (PDF) (DPhil dissertation), University of Sussex, pp. 154, 168–169
  17. ^ "Crisis Profiteers". German-Foreign-Policy.com.
  18. ^ a b Pallaver, Günther (2007), "Südtirols politische Parteien 1945-2005" (PDF), Die Region Trentino-Südtirol im 20. Jahrhundert — 1: Politik und Institutionen (in German), pp. 589–628
    or Pallaver, Günther (2007), "I partiti politici in Alto Adige dal 1945 al 2005" (PDF), La Regione Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol nel XX secolo — I: Politica e Istituzioni (in Italian), pp. 559–598
  19. ^ Angerer, Oswald (2000), Die Freiheitlichen Südtirols: Entstehung, Programm, Organisationsstruktur, Akzeptanz; unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Zusammenarbeit mit der Freiheitlichen Partei Österreichs und ihres Standpunktes in der Südtirol-Frage (Diplom thesis) (in German), University of Innsbruck, p. 39
  20. ^ "L' omicida e' l' ideologo degli Schuetzen" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 22 February 1997.
  21. ^ Voti di lista e ripartizione dei seggi - Elezioni regionali e provinciali 1998, Autonomous Province of Bolzano (in Italian).
  22. ^ Risultati provinciali - Elezioni provinciali 2003, Autonomous Province of Bolzano (in Italian).
  23. ^ Elezioni politiche 2006 - Dati in sintesi, Autonomous Province of Bolzano (in Italian).
  24. ^ Elezioni politiche 2008, Autonomous Province of Bolzano (in Italian).
  25. ^ Elezioni Amministrative 2008, Autonomous Province of Bolzano (in Italian).
  26. ^ "Leitner lascia la guida dei Freiheitlichen dopo 18 anni" (in Italian). Alto Adige. 6 February 2012. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  27. ^ "Ulli Mair "Obfrau" dei Freiheitlichen" (in Italian). Alto Adige. 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  28. ^ "Varare subito il libero Stato del Südtirol" (in Italian). Alto Adige. 15 March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  29. ^ "Verfassungsentwurf für Südtiroler Freistaat: Ministerpräsident statt Landeshauptmann". Südtirol Online (in German). 14 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  30. ^ "Südtiroler Blaue mit Verfassung für Freistaat" (in German). ORF. 14 March 2012.
  31. ^ Elezioni politiche e regionali del 24 e 25 febbraio 2013 - Provincia di Bolzano Archived February 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Interior (in Italian).
  32. ^ Elezioni Provinciali 2013 - Rinnovo del consiglio provinciale, Autonomous Province of Bolzano (in Italian).
  33. ^ "Costi della politica: sex toys a spese del consiglio provinciale dell'Alto Adige". Repubblica.it. 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
  34. ^ "Trentino Alto Adige, pensioni e vitalizi ai consiglieri regionali da 90 milioni". Blitz quotidiano. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  35. ^ "Walter Blaas eletto al vertice dei Freiheitlichen - Cronaca - Alto Adige". Archived from the original on 2016-08-14. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  36. ^ "Coming Soon 1". Video33.it. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  37. ^ "Salvini: Sì al referendum sul Tirolo - Cronaca - Alto Adige". Archived from the original on 2016-08-14. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
  38. ^ "Voglia di secessione, in migliaia a Brunico - Cronaca - Alto Adige". Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
  39. ^ "Comunali di Bolzano, la Lega presenta i suoi 33 candidati - Cronaca - Alto Adige". Archived from the original on 2016-04-23. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
  40. ^ "Leitner saluta il Consiglio tra le lacrime - Cronaca - Alto Adige". Archived from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  41. ^ "Freiheitlichen, un «falco» come Obmann - Cronaca - Alto Adige". Archived from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  42. ^ "La secessione «dolce» del Freiheitlichen - Cronaca - Alto Adige". Archived from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  43. ^ https://www.gemeindewahlen.bz.it
  44. ^ "I Freiheitlichen puntano al sesto consigliere - Cronaca - Alto Adige". Archived from the original on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Categories