You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 54.163.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 17:28, 10 March 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 18:27, 12 November 2023
- Expiry of block: 18:27, 12 November 2028
Your current IP address is 54.163.179.242. The blocked range is 54.163.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Library reference method))
((More citations needed|date=March 2008))
'''Digital reference''' (more commonly called '''virtual reference''') is a service by which a [[library]] reference service is conducted online, and the reference transaction is a [[computer-mediated communication]]. It is the remote, computer-mediated delivery of reference information provided by library professionals to users who cannot access or do not want face-to-face communication. Virtual reference service is most often an extension of a library's existing reference service program. The word "[[reference]]" in this context refers to the task of providing assistance to library users in finding information, answering questions, and otherwise fulfilling users’ information needs. Reference work often but not always involves using [[reference work]]s, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc. This form of reference work expands reference services from the physical reference desk to a "virtual" reference desk where the patron could be writing from home, work or a variety of other locations.

The terminology surrounding virtual reference services may involve multiple terms used for the same definition.<ref>((cite journal |last=Pace |first=A. |title=Virtual Reference: What's in a Name? |journal=Computers in Libraries |date=April 2003 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=55–56))</ref> The preferred term for remotely delivered, computer-mediated reference services is "virtual reference", with the secondary non-preferred term "digital reference" having gone out of use. "Chat reference" is often used interchangeably with virtual reference, although it represents only one aspect of virtual reference. Virtual reference includes the use of both synchronous (i.e., IM, videoconferencing) and asynchronous communication (i.e., texting and email). Here, "synchronous virtual reference" refers to any real-time computer-mediated communication between patron and information professional. Asynchronous virtual reference is all computer-mediated communication that is sent and received at different times.<ref name="Kern">((cite book |last=Kern |first=M.K. |title=Virtual Reference Best Practices: Tailoring Services to Your Library |place=Chicago |publisher=ALA |year=2009)) ((ISBN|978-0-8389-0975-1))</ref>

==History==

The earliest digital reference services were launched in the mid-1980s, primarily by academic and medical libraries, and provided by [[e-mail]]. These early-adopter libraries launched digital reference services for two main reasons: to extend the hours that questions could be submitted to the reference desk, and to explore the potential of campus-wide networks, which at that time was a new technology.

With the advent of the graphical [[World Wide Web]], [[Digital library|libraries]] quickly adopted webforms for question submission. Since then, the percentage of questions submitted to services via webforms has outstripped the percentage submitted via email.

In the early- to mid-1990s, digital reference services began to appear that were not affiliated with any library. These digital reference services are often referred to as "AskA" services. An example of an AskA services is at the [[Internet Public Library]].

Providing remote-based services for patrons has been a steady practice of libraries over the years. For example, before the widespread use of chat software, reference questions were often answered via phone, fax, email and audio conferencing. Email is the oldest type of virtual reference service used by libraries.<ref name="Kern" /> Library services in America and the UK are just now gaining visibility in their use of virtual reference services using chat software. However, a survey in America revealed that by 2001 over 200 libraries were using chat reference services.<ref name="Chow">((cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=G.G. |title=Librarianship: an introduction |place=London |publisher=Facet |year=2008|display-authors=etal.))</ref> 
The rapid global proliferation of information technology (IT) often leaves libraries at a disadvantage in terms of keeping their services current. However, libraries are always striving to understand their user demographics in order to provide the best possible services.<ref name="Chow" /><ref name="Bro">((cite book |last=Brophy |first=P. |title=The library in the twenty-first century |edition=2nd |place=London |publisher=Facet |year=2007))</ref> Therefore, libraries continue to take notes from current [[cyber-culture]] and are continually incorporating a diversified range of interactive technologies in their service repertoires. Virtual reference represents only one small part of a larger library mission to meet the needs of a new generation, sometimes referred to as the "Google Generation", of users who have grown up with the internet.<ref name="Row">((cite journal |last=Rowlands |first=I. |title=The Google generation: the information behaviour of the researcher of the future |journal=ASLIB Proceedings |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=290–310 |year=2008 |url=http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1733495&show=abstract |doi=10.1108/00012530810887953))</ref> For instance, virtual reference may be used in conjunction with embedded [[Web 2.0]] (online social media such as [[Facebook]], [[YouTube]], [[blogs]], [[del.icio.us]], [[Flickr]], etc.) applications in a library's suite of online services.<ref name="Xiao">((cite journal |last=Xiao |first=N. |title=Web 2.0 as catalyst: Virtually reaching out to users and connecting them to library resources and services |journal=Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship |volume=55 |issue=Fall |year=2008 |url=http://www.istl.org/08-fall/article2.html))</ref> As technological innovations continue, libraries will be watching to find new, more personalized ways of interacting with remote reference users.

The range of cost-per-transaction of reference interactions has been found to be large, due to the differences in librarian salaries and infrastructural costs required by reference interviews.<ref>Murfin, Marjorie E. "Cost Analysis of Library Reference Services," Advances in Library Administration and Organization, 11, 1993, pp. 1–36.</ref><ref>Eakin, Lorraine, & Pomerantz, Jeffrey. "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pla.0.0035 Virtual Reference, Real Money: Modeling Costs in Virtual Reference Services]," portal: Libraries and the Academy, 9, 2009, pp. 133-164.</ref>

==Forms of digital reference==

===Webforms===
Webforms are created for digital reference services in order to help the patron be more productive in asking their question. This document helps the librarian locate exactly what the patron is asking for. Creation of webforms requires design consideration. Because webforms substitute for the reference interview, receiving as much information as possible from the patron is a key function.

Aspects commonly found within webforms:

*A return email address to send the answer to the question
*The question being asked
*The type of question
*What sources have been consulted by the patron
*How the patron is planning to use the information
*Location of the patron (are they a library patron?)
*A name to personalize the interaction
*A date by which the information is needed
*The type of sources being requested (print or electronic)<ref>Janes, Joseph. "Introduction to Reference Work in the Digital Age", pages 64-65. Neal-Schuman Publishers Inc., 2005.</ref>

===Chat using commercial applications===
Several applications exist for providing chat-based reference. Examples include [[QuestionPoint]] inside the library field and [[Tutor.com]] outside the library field. These applications bear a resemblance to commercial [[help desk software]]. These applications possess functionality such as: chat, co-browsing of webpages, webpage and document pushing, customization of pre-scripted messages, storage of chat transcripts, and statistical reporting.

===Chat using instant messaging===
((See also|Chatbot|Virtual assistant))
[[Instant messaging]] (IM) services are used by some libraries as a low-cost means of offering chat-based reference, since most IM services are free. Utilizing IM for reference services allows a patron to contact the library from any location via the internet. This service is like the traditional reference interview because it is a live interaction between the patron and the librarian. On the other side the reference interview is different because the conversation does not float away but instead is in print on the screen for the librarian to review if needed to better understand the patron. IM reference services may be for the use of in-house patrons as well as patrons unable to go to the library. If library computers support IM chat programs, patrons may IM from within the library to avoid losing their use of a computer or avoid making embarrassing questions public.

Successful IM reference services will:<ref>Anderson, Rick. "IM Me", Library Journal 130 (April 1, 2005): 34-35.</ref>
*Create a profile to convey information about the library and increase online presence.
*Accept imperfection in conversations without spending time to go back and make corrections. Most words are recognizable through context.
*Become familiar with and use accepted IM abbreviations such as LOL (Laugh Out Loud).

At times, IM becomes challenging because of lack of non-verbal cues such as eye contact, and the perceived time pressure. Moreover, formulating the question online without the give and take of nonverbal cues and face to face conversation presents an added obstacle. In addition, to provide effective reference service through IM, it is important to meet higher level of information literacy standards. These standards include evaluating the information and its source, synthesizing the information to create new ideas or products, and understanding the societal, legal, and economic issues surrounding its use.<ref>Desai, Christina M. & Graves, Stephanie J. "Instruction via Instant Messaging reference: what’s happening?", The Electronic Library 24 (2) ( 2006): 174-189.</ref>

==Software for providing digital reference==
Virtual service software programs offered by libraries are often unique, and tailored to the individual library's needs.<ref name="Bro" /> However, each program may have several distinct features.<ref>See the entries in the [http://www.libsuccess.org/index.php?title=Online_Reference Library Success Wiki's Online Reference Section], including software recommended for web-based chat reference, IM reference, [[SMS]] (text messaging) reference, and other types like digital audio or video reference.</ref> A [[knowledge base]] is a chunk of information that users can access independently. An example of this is a serialized listing of [[frequently asked questions]] (FAQ) that a user can read and use at his or her leisure.

Online chat, or [[instant messaging]] (IM) has become a very popular Web-based feature. Instant messaging is a real time conversation that utilizes typed text instead of language. Users may feel a sense of satisfaction with the use of this tool because of their personalized interaction with staff.

The use of electronic mail (email) in responding to reference questions in libraries has been in use for years. Also, in some cases with the IM feature, a question may be asked that cannot be resolved in online chat. In this instance the staff member may document the inquiring patron’s email address and will the user a response.

With the increase in use of text messaging ([[SMS]]), some libraries are also adopting text messaging in their virtual reference services. [[Librarian]]s can use mobile phones, text-to-instant messaging or web-based services to respond to reference questions via text messaging.

[[Co-browsing]], or cooperative browsing, is a virtual reference function that involves interactive control of a user’s web browser. This function enables the librarian to see what the patron has on his or her computer screen. Several types of co-browsing have been offered in mobile devices of late; libraries may have software that incorporates dual modes of co-browsing in a variety of formats. For instance, it is possible to browse on a mobile device within and between documents (such as Word), webpages, and images.<ref name="Hua">((cite book |last=Hua |first=Z. |title="Chapter 2.10: A Cooperative Framework for Information Browsing in Mobile Environment". In: Taniar, D. (2008) Mobile Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications |place=London |publisher=Information Science Reference |pages=497–505 |year=2008 |url=http://www.igi-global.com/reference|display-authors=etal))</ref>

==In the UK==

Virtual reference services are growing in popularity in the UK with more institutions accepting queries via email, instant messaging and other chat based services.<ref name="Barry, E 2010 pp.40-55">Barry, E et al (2010) Virtual Reference in UK academic libraries: The virtual enquiry project 2008–2009, Library Review, Vol. 59 (1) pp.40-55</ref> A study of the use of virtual reference within UK academic institutions showed that 25% currently offer a form of virtual reference, with 54% of academic institutions surveyed considering adding this service.<ref name="Barry, E 2010 pp.40-55"/>

UK public libraries were instrumental in some of the first steps towards UK-wide internet collaboration amongst libraries with the EARL Consortium (Electronic Access to Resources in Libraries) in 1995,<ref>Woodhouse, S. (1998) Delivering the New Public Library: the role of the EARL Consortium, INFOCUS 3(1)</ref> in a time where internet access was a rare commodity for both library staff and the public. Resources were collated and lines of communication opened between libraries across the UK, paving the way for services all over the world to follow suit. There are now a number of area-specific reference services across the UK including Ask A Librarian (UK-wide, established in 1997), Ask Cymru (Welsh and English language service), Enquire (Government funded through the People's Network, also UK-wide),<ref>Berube, L. (2005) People's Network Enquire: virtual reference in England, World Library and Information Congress: 71st IFLA General Conference and Council, August 14th - 18th 2005, Oslo, Norway.</ref> and Ask Scotland. Ask Scotland was created by the Scottish Government's advisory body on libraries, SLIC (Scottish Library and Information Council),<ref>SLIC homepage: http://www.slainte.org.uk/slic/slicindex.htm</ref> using [[QuestionPoint]] and funded by the Public Library Quality Improvement Fund (PLQIF) in June 2009.

==American Library Association's digital reference guidelines==
The definition formulated by the [[American Library Association]]'s (ALA) 2004 MARS Digital Reference Guidelines Ad Hoc Committee contains three components:

# "Virtual reference is reference service initiated electronically, often in real-time, where patrons employ computers or other Internet technology to communicate with reference staff, without being physically present. Communication channels used frequently in virtual reference include chat, videoconferencing, Voice over IP, co-browsing, e-mail, and instant messaging.
# While online sources are often utilized in provision of virtual reference, use of electronic sources in seeking answers is not of itself virtual reference.
# Virtual reference queries are sometimes followed-up with telephone, fax, in-person and regular mail interactions, even though these modes of communication are not considered virtual."<ref name="MARS">((cite journal |author=MARS Digital Reference Guidelines Ad Hoc Committee |year=2004 |title=Guidelines for Implementing and Maintaining Virtual Reference Services |journal=Reference and User Services Quarterly |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=9–14 |url=http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/rusa/resources/guidelines/virtrefguidelines.cfm))</ref>

In January 2011 [[QuestionPoint]] and the ALA were in talks about offering a National Ask A Librarian service across the whole United States.<ref>((Cite web | url=http://questionpoint.blogs.com/questionpoint_247_referen/2011/01/a-national-virtual-reference-service-for-the-us.html | title=A national virtual reference service for the U.S?))</ref>

==Other countries==
In Europe some countries offer services in both their own national language and in English. European countries include: Finland,<ref>Finnish National Libraries online reference service: http://www.libraries.fi/en-GB/ask/</ref> the Netherlands (in Dutch only),<ref>The Netherlands online reference service: http://www2.bibliotheek.nl/home ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124193856/http://www2.bibliotheek.nl/home |date=2011-11-24 ))</ref> Denmark,<ref>Danish Libraries homepage, with links to a virtual reference form: http://bibliotek.dk/?lingo=eng</ref> and France.<ref>Public library of Lyon, France: http://www.guichetdusavoir.org/</ref>

Other countries which offer virtual reference services include: Australia,<ref>National Library of Australia's Ask a Librarian service: http://www.nla.gov.au/askalibrarian/</ref> New Zealand,<ref>National Library of New Zealand's Ask a Librarian service: http://www.natlib.govt.nz/services/get-advice/ask-a-librarian</ref> Canada,<ref>National Library of Canada's virtual reference services: http://vrl.tpl.toronto.on.ca/</ref> and the state of Colorado in the United States.<ref>Ask Colorado, the service from the state of Colorado in the USA: ((cite web|url=http://www.askcolorado.org/ |title=Wettanbieter Vergleich: 61 Wettanbieter im ausführlichen Test - Februar 2019 |access-date=2010-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725045834/http://www.askcolorado.org/ |archive-date=2010-07-25 ))</ref>

==Chasing the Sun==

A collaboration between UK and Australian library services, entitled Chasing the Sun,<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.changechampions.com.au/resource/Sue_Rockliff.pdf |title=PDF presentation by Chasing the Sun Co-chair Sue Rockliff |access-date=2012-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308124649/http://www.changechampions.com.au/resource/Sue_Rockliff.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-08 |url-status=dead ))</ref> was initiated using [[QuestionPoint]] software to provide an all-hours digital reference chat service. Targeted at health libraries where reference queries from health professionals could occur at any time of the day or night due to medical emergencies, the collaboration between the two countries meant that someone would be on hand to field the query at any time.

==See also==
* [[Ask a Librarian]]
* [[Reference library]]

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

==Further reading==
*Godfrey, Krista, K. "A new world for virtual reference." Library Hi Tech 26(4) (2008): 525-539.
*Ronan, J. "Application of Reference Guidelines in Chat Reference Interactions: A Study of Online Reference Skills." College & undergraduate libraries 13.4 (2006): 3-23.
* Cummings, J., et al. User Preferences in Reference Services: Virtual Reference and Academic Libraries. portal: Libraries and the Academy. Vol. 7, No. 1 (2007), pp.&nbsp;81–96. [http://hdl.handle.net/2376/1416] or [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/portal_libraries_and_the_academy/v007/7.1cummings.html]
* Boss, R.W. (2007) Tech Notes: virtual reference, Public Library Association, ALA, [http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/pla/plapublications/platechnotes/Virtual_reference.pdf http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/pla/plapublications/platechnotes/Virtual_reference.pdf]
* Breeding, M. (2001) Providing virtual reference service, ''Information Today'', '''18''' (4), 42-43.
* Francoeur, S. (2002) The Teaching Librarian: Index of Chat Reference Services, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080723095941/http://www.teachinglibrarian.org/chatsoftware.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20080723095941/http://www.teachinglibrarian.org/chatsoftware.htm].
* Hua, Z., et al. (2008) Chapter 2.10: A Cooperative Framework for Information Browsing in Mobile Environment, In Taniar, D., ed. (2008) ''Mobile Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications'', London, Information Science Reference, [http://www.igi-global.com/reference http://www.igi-global.com/reference].
* Lindbloom, M.-C., ''et al.'' (2006) Virtual reference: A reference question is a reference question … or is virtual reference a new reality? New career opportunities for librarians, ''The Reference Librarian'', '''45''' (93), 3-22, [http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=issue&issn=0276-3877&volume=45&issue=93 http://www.informaworld.com/]. 
* Lipow, A.G. (2002) ''The Virtual Reference Librarian’s Handbook'', Neal-Schuman.
* Pomerantz, J. (2006). [https://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.46n1.45 Collaboration as the Norm in Reference Work]. ''Reference & User Services Quarterly'', 46(1), 45-55.
* Sears, J. (2001) Chat reference service: An analysis of one semester's data, ''Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship'', '''32''' (Fall), [https://web.archive.org/web/20110612063019/http://www.library.ucsb.edu/istl/01-fall/article2.html https://web.archive.org/web/20110612063019/http://www.library.ucsb.edu/istl/01-fall/article2.html].

==External links==
* [https://www.libsuccess.org/index.php?title=Online_Reference Online Reference Section of the Library Success Wiki]
* [http://liswiki.org/wiki/Chat_reference_libraries Chat reference libraries] at the Library and Information Science (LIS) Wiki - list of libraries providing chat reference services
* [https://www.libsuccess.org/index.php?title=Library_Success:_A_Best_Practices_Wiki Library Success Best Practice Wiki] - provides a list of recommended IM chat client software 
* [https://www.ala.org/tools/virtual-reference-selected-annotated-bibliography Virtual Reference: A Selected Annotated Bibliography], ALA Library Factsheet 19. Last updated: November 2013.

===Software vendors===
The following provide software and technology infrastructure for digital/virtual reference.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141011072822/https://us.libraryh3lp.com/ LibraryH3lp], pronounced "library-help", provides an [[XMPP]] chat client and SMS gateway. See also: http://journal.code4lib.org/articles/107
* [https://omnireference.com/ OmniReference] is a cloud solution with a single dashboard that integrates Chat, SMS, Email, and Twitter virtual reference services.
* [http://www.textalibrarian.com Text a Librarian] powered by Mosio.

===Providers===
;United States
* [[Ask a Librarian on duty]], Florida state's virtual reference service, provides live chat with co-browsing and email functions.
* [https://www.librarieshawaii.org/connect/staff/ask-a-librarian/ Ask a Librarian], Hawaii's statewide email reference service.
* [http://www.answerland.org/ Answerland], Oregon's statewide online chat and email reference service.

;United Kingdom
* [https://www5.open.ac.uk/library/ Open University Library] LivePerson
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100925091720/http://nls.uk/info/readingrooms/askalibrarian.html Ask A Librarian (NLS)] provided by the National Library of Scotland
* [https://www.askscotland.org.uk/ Ask Scotland], Scotland's online reference service staffed by librarians in Scotland.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118194016/http://www.nls.uk/using-the-library/ask-a-librarian National Library of Scotland's 'Ask a Librarian' service]
* [https://libraries.wales/ask-a-librarian/ Ask a Librarian], Welsh/English language virtual reference service

;Spain
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120322024433/http://bib.us.es/servicios/pregunte/ayuda_chat-ides-idweb.html Pregunte al bibliotecario] is the University of Seville, Spain, online reference service with LibraryH3lp program

;International 
* [http://liswiki.org/wiki/Chat_reference_libraries Chat reference libraries at liswiki.org]

((Libraries and library science))

((DEFAULTSORT:Digital Reference Services))
[[Category:Library resources]]
[[Category:Reference]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Digital reference (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:ISBN (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Libraries and library science (edit)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:See also (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Digital reference.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_reference"