Disability in Brazil is defined when individuals struggle or are unable to complete standard everyday tasks.[1] This is measured by the health indicators of daily activities and physical movement.[1] Defining disability differs according to legal contexts of different environments and levels of vulnerability.[2] Brazil is one of the heaviest populated countries in the world and is the largest country in South America, with a population of 212.56 million people in 2020.[3] Due to population rates, there is approximately 16 million people in Brazil with a disability.[4] Of this, 9 million of these are of working age, and 1 million are in the labor force.[4]

In Brazil, disability is measured by facts and age-based data,[1] sport participation,[5] education information,[6] impacts on everyday life[7] and available support services/issues of access.[8]

The Brazilian flag

Facts

Statistics

Types of disabilities and their symbols

There are many types of disabilities in Brazil.[1] Disability can occur physically, through head injuries, vision impairments, hearing impairments, cognitively, learning manners, psychologically or invisibly.[9] In Brazil, approximately 34% of adults are impacted by disabilities that affect functional living patterns.[1] Men represent higher statistics over women by 1.3%.[10] Strokes and mental disorders are common in Brazil and can lead to individuals attaining a disability.[11] Each individual experiences disability differently, whereby some are static, others are progressive and seriousness levels vary.[12] In Brazil, individuals who maintain a low education and aged persons are more vulnerable to disabilities, therefore attaining incapacities at higher rates.[11] Having a high education enforces health advantages through the promotion of health material and current health data, allowing for individuals to live a healthy lifestyle and seek medical assistance when necessary[1] Encountering a functional disability as a Brazilian adult is common[1] although it disadvantages individuals as many do not attend education institutions, are not likely to complete an educational course and may lack literacy abilities.[13]

Age groups

The chance of attaining a disability in Brazil grows as an individual gets older.[1] Developing a disability can occur through old age, as vulnerability appears and the risk of getting sick or receiving a chronic disease is high.[1] The risk increases once individuals reach age 40, and visual disabilities are most common.[10] Throughout a lifespan, if individuals are exposed to poverty or unhealthy conditions, developing a disability can occur earlier.[1]

Sport

Participation

In Brazil, individuals of any gender who encounter differing levels of disabilities are able to participate in sport.[14] Sports available for people with disabilities include dance, swimming, tennis, bike riding, horse riding, water sports, basketball, contact sports and a variety of athletic activities.[14] The late 20th century has brought sporting changes in Brazil which have enabled people with disabilities to feel included, as they are able to form individuality through participating in the Paralympics and other sporting groups.[5] An example of this is through Brazilian dance practices, where individuals can participate in choreography and are able to use their disability as a stance of creativity.[5]

Potential barriers

Individuals with disabilities in Brazil face barriers when anticipating participation in sport.[5] Brazilian individuals with disabilities face varying levels of societal pressure, as they must prove their sporting activity is possible.[5] Individuals with disabilities may encounter a low self-esteem when participating in sporting events, through the belief that participation entirety is not possible.[5] There are limited sporting amenities for Brazilian people with disabilities, which can create individual pressure.[15] Differing sports conducted by Brazilian individuals with disabilities are frowned upon, and many athletes face notoriety for their sporting movements.[5] There is a lack of accessibility within Brazilian city structures, which forms difficulties in accessing sporting activities.[15]

Overcoming barriers

The Rio de Janeiro 2016 Paralympics logo

There are ways for individuals with disabilities in Brazil to overcome sport barriers.[16] An example of this is holding internal strength while participating in sport, which enables a voice and creates possibilities.[5] At least five major associations work to enable the participation of Brazilians with disabilities in sport.[14] There are organisations in Brazil that aim to enable every sport for individuals with disabilities, including the 'Brazilian Sporting Association for Amputees' and 'Brazilian Wheelchair Sporting Association'.[14] 'Sport for All' is an Olympic created initiative that was brought into Brazil to make sport easily accessible to all individuals.[16] The 2016 Paralympics were held in Rio de Janeiro and encouraged government movements for individuals with disabilities in sports, including the introduction of more sport facilities, sport encouragement and mobility ease within communities.[15] Local governments in Brazil are assisting individuals with disabilities to recognise potential levels and encourage activity,[16] due to Brazil being a party to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, having signed the treaty on 30 March 2007 and ratified it on 1 August 2008.[17] Brazil's Law 7853 criminalizes discrimination based on disability, and other legal protections also exist.[4]

Education

History

In Brazil, attending an education institution is a human right.[6] Students with disabilities are challenged when seeking education access.[18] This is because of Brazil's past of the rejection of foreign information and knowledge because of language blockages and location.[6]

In 1600s Brazil, special education was recognised through a school for children with physical disabilities, and in the 1800s, the first school for children who were deaf was created.[18] In 1800s Brazil, there was no other record of official caring for people with disabilities.[6] Catholic organisations cared for individuals with learning disabilities as they were abandoned.[6] An inclusion policy for children with disabilities in Brazil was implemented in 1989 to seek social inclusion and enhance wellbeing in schools.[18] Educators and government officials did not advocate for children with disabilities seeking education, parents, friends, and psychologists did.[6]

Potential barriers

Individuals with disabilities are challenged when seeking education in Brazil, as they do not receive education assistance.[19] Students with disabilities receive no special considerations in the classroom.[20] In Brazil, there are two education systems, one for students with special needs and one for students without special needs.[18] Education classes held for students with disabilities are provided in Portuguese only, and academic learning faces difficulties, as no grading takes place.[6] Testing students with disabilities in classrooms does not occur, a group will determine skills and improvement.[19] Teachers lack disability training which decreases education quality.[18] Low government funding for the education of individuals with disabilities has led to low quality institutions.[18] Remote and rural areas lack facilities for students with disabilities.[20]

Overcoming barriers

Education barriers are being overcome as Brazil is developing and forming a major economy.[6] Brazilian law states that children with disabilities have the right to be integrated into education institutions.[20] Local, regional, and national parents and psychologists have negotiated with Brazilian officials for the complete integration of their children with disabilities into education systems.[19] An example of this is the 'Association of Parents and Friends of the Exceptional' which fundraise money for individuals with learning disabilities on a non-profit basis to assist with health and integration into education systems.[6] Advocacy and support has led people with disabilities to form their own communities and promote their own rights.[6] The Brazilian adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2008, and the instigation of the Statute of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2015, enabled legality for people with disabilities in education.[6] Private schools in Brazil have recognised students with disabilities and their need for individual facilities, integrating this into physical and psychological learning environments.[20] Through non-profit funding, schools of students with disabilities have adopted a general curriculum.[6]

Everyday life impacts

Life normality

Physical disability symbol

People with disabilities in Brazil have a different lifestyle compared to those without a disability, where lifestyles can be disrupted on a daily basis.[21] Life normality for many Brazilian individuals with disabilities includes the encouragement of independence and self-sufficiency within the daily departments of housing and family, health, and communication.[21] Many individuals who have a disability struggle with at least one daily activity, including dressing and transfers.[22] Difficulty in everyday life activities is escalated by the factors of age, education, and chronic disease levels.[22] Life normality and challenges for people with disabilities in Brazil originates from history and struggles with forced labour.[7]

Housing and family

In Brazil, people with disabilities are socially impacted through where they live and who they live with, determining independence levels.[7] Individuals with disabilities are likely to live with family, regardless of children or marriage, due to economic reasons and familial values of protection.[7] In Brazil, care occurs informally by family and females.[22] Families give up studying and working to provide free care.[22]

Health

Health levels vary through the number of chronic diseases encountered and age, which impacts everyday life.[22] Chronic diseases in individuals with disabilities grow with age.[22] Individuals with disabilities in Brazil are prone to illness and chronic diseases, and frequently require professional health assistance.[23] There are issues of access when seeking professional health assistance for people with disabilities, through service location, finances and service opening times.[23] Persons with physical disabilities have higher difficulty levels of seeking health assistance due to physical environments and transportation.[23]

Learning and communicating

Learning and communicating varies in everyday life, due to education sections of Brazilian legislation.[24] Higher educated individuals have lower levels of difficulty communicating in daily life and participating in daily activities.[22] Schools and education services can lack the recognition of disability types and social inclusion.[24] Legal support in legislation lacks for individuals with communication disorders, lowering social inclusion rates.[24]

Support services and access issues

Support services

Guide dog to assist individuals with visual impairments
Braille for individuals with visual impairments

There are support services and organisations available for people with disabilities in Brazil, which aim to fulfil assistance lacking by the Brazilian government.[7] There are non-government organisations who aim to advocate the rights of people with disabilities and educate individuals with disabilities of their rights in the country.[25] This has encouraged individuals with disabilities to self-advocate and participate in social movements to promote democracy.[25] There are civil and human rights organisations in Brazil who advocate for people with disabilities to create public concerns.[25] In major cities, physical assistance is available for people with disabilities, such as provision of guide dogs, staff at train stations, and set seating in public transport.[26] In São Paulo, building elevators have Braille buttons and resources for hearing incapacities.[26] There is a transport service available for individuals with severe disabilities in São Paulo, to prevent difficulties on public transport.[26]

Issues of access and success

Individuals with disabilities have issues utilising support services due to issues of access and success.[25] A disability non-government organisation must form networks with other organisations to be heard by government officials.[25] There are public policies to promote disability awareness, with economic plans taking priority over respect to individuals with disabilities.[5] There are perceptions of individuals with disabilities in Brazil, limiting disability organisations success rate.[25] In Brazil, physical support services lack.[5] An example of this are the staff who aid public transport that do not receive specific training, access ramps lack sufficiency, and dedicated lanes on the road for sight disabilities are incomplete.[5] Throughout the country, road crossings are silent and use visuals only.[26]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Andrade, Keitty Regina Cordeiro de; Silva, Marcus Tolentino; Galvão, Taís Freire; Pereira, Maurício Gomes (2015). "Functional disability of adults in Brazil: prevalence and associated factors". Revista de Saúde Pública. 49. doi:10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005945. ISSN 0034-8910. PMC 4687823. PMID 26759965.
  2. ^ Heckendorf, D.W. (2012), "Disability, Definition within Law and Society", Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, Elsevier, pp. 807–816, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00337-9, ISBN 978-0-12-373932-2
  3. ^ "Brazil Population 2020". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  4. ^ a b c "Disability in South American Countries". Disabled World. 2017. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Teixeira, Ana Carolina Bezerra (2015-04-01). "Impossible dances: Staging disability in Brazil". Choreographic Practices. 6 (1): 9–23. doi:10.1386/chor.6.1.9_1. ISSN 2040-5669.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Carvalho, Erenice Natalia Soares de; Forrester-Jones, Rachel (2016-04-04). "Country profile: intellectual disability in Brazil" (PDF). Tizard Learning Disability Review. 21 (2): 65–74. doi:10.1108/tldr-05-2015-0022. ISSN 1359-5474.
  7. ^ a b c d e Rios, Clarice; Costa Andrada, Barbara (2016-04-04). "Shifting notions of disability in Brazil". Tizard Learning Disability Review. 21 (2): 75–79. doi:10.1108/tldr-10-2015-0039. ISSN 1359-5474.
  8. ^ Sousa, Kelienny de Meneses; Oliveira, Wagner Ivan Fonsêca de; Melo, Laiza Oliveira Mendes de; Alves, Emanuel Augusto; Piuvezam, Grasiela; Gama, Zenewton André da Silva (2017). "A qualitative study analyzing access to physical rehabilitation for traffic accident victims with severe disability in Brazil". Disability and Rehabilitation. 39 (6): 568–577. doi:10.3109/09638288.2016.1152606. ISSN 0963-8288. PMID 26987029. S2CID 4283419.
  9. ^ "Disabilities: Types and Models of Disability". Disabled World. 2019. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  10. ^ a b Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Stopa, Sheila Rizzato; Canuto, Rogerio; Gomes, Nayara Lopes; Mendes, Vera Lúcia Ferreira; Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de; Moura, Lenildo de (2016). "Self-reported prevalence of disability in Brazil, according to the National Health Survey 2013". Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. 21 (10): 3253–3264. doi:10.1590/1413-812320152110.17512016. ISSN 1413-8123. PMID 27783798.
  11. ^ a b Yokota, Renata Tiene de Carvalho; de Moura, Lenildo; Andrade, Silvânia Suely Caribé de Araújo; de Sá, Naíza Nayla Bandeira; Nusselder, Wilma Johanna; Van Oyen, Herman (2016-06-23). "Contribution of chronic conditions to gender disparities in disability in the older population in Brazil, 2013". International Journal of Public Health. 61 (9): 1003–1012. doi:10.1007/s00038-016-0843-7. ISSN 1661-8556. PMID 27339159. S2CID 27429457.
  12. ^ CDC (2019). "Disability and Health Overview | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  13. ^ "Education and Disability: Analysis of Data from 49 Countries" (PDF). UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2018.
  14. ^ a b c d "People With Disabilities". Angloinfo. Angloinfo. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  15. ^ a b c Mataruna, Leonardo; Range, Daniel; Guimaraes, Andressa; Melo, Thiago (2015). "Rio 2016 and disability – an analysis on the Sport-For-Development discourse and the legacies for disabled people". Journal of Sport for Development. 3 (5): 1–11.
  16. ^ a b c Kirakosyan, Lyusyena (2019). "Sport for All and Social Inclusion of Individuals with Impairments: A Case Study from Brazil". Societies. 9 (44): 44. doi:10.3390/soc9020044. hdl:10919/90167. ISSN 2075-4698.
  17. ^ "UN Treaty Collection: parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: List of parties". United Nations. 2012-03-21. Archived from the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Kiru, Elisheba; Cooc, North (2018). "A Comparative Analysis of Access to Education for Students with Disabilities in Brazil, Canada, and South Africa". Journal of International Special Needs Education. 21 (2): 34–44. doi:10.9782/16-00024r4. ISSN 2159-4341.
  19. ^ a b c Oakland, Thomas (2004). "Learning Disabilities Internationally and in Brazil: Issues to Consider in Developing Services for Brazilian Students with Learning Disabilities" (PDF). Avaliacao Psicologica. 3 (2): 115–120.
  20. ^ a b c d "Special Needs Education in Brazil - Brazil". Angloinfo. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  21. ^ a b Rios, Clarice; Costa Andrada, Barbara (2016). "Shifting notions of disability in Brazil". Tizard Learning Disability Review. 21 (2): 75–79. doi:10.1108/tldr-10-2015-0039. ISSN 1359-5474.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g Giacomin, Karla Cristina; Duarte, Yeda Aparecida Oliveira; Camarano, Ana Amélia; Nunes, Daniella Pires; Fernandes, Daniele (2018). "Care and functional disabilities in daily activities – ELSI-Brazil". Revista de Saúde Pública. 52 (Suppl 2): 9s. doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2018052000650. ISSN 1518-8787. PMC 6254988. PMID 30379293.
  23. ^ a b c Castro, Shamyr S.; Cieza, Alarcos; Cesar, Chester L. G. (2011). "Problems with accessibility to health services by persons with disabilities in São Paulo, Brazil". Disability and Rehabilitation. 33 (17–18): 1693–1698. doi:10.3109/09638288.2010.541542. ISSN 0963-8288. PMID 21171840. S2CID 20267272.
  24. ^ a b c Godoy, Vanessa Boldarini de; Faiad, Lia Netto Vaz; Machado, Maria Aparecida Miranda de Paula; Crenitte, Patrícia de Abreu Pinheiro; Lamônica, Dionísia Aparecida Cusin; Hage, Simone Rocha de Vasconcellos (2019). "Brazilian legislation and the school inclusion of individuals with communication disorders". Revista CEFAC. 21 (3): 1–10. doi:10.1590/1982-0216/201921315518. ISSN 1982-0216.
  25. ^ a b c d e f Kirakosyan, Lyusyena (2016). "Promoting Disability Rights for a Stronger Democracy in Brazil: The Role of NGOs". Nursing Ethics. 45 (1_suppl): 114S–130S. doi:10.1177/0899764015602129. ISSN 0899-7640.
  26. ^ a b c d "Services and Support for People with Disabilities in São Paulo - Sao-paulo". Angloinfo. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
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