Brown bear range map

Brown bears (Ursus arctos) were once native to Europe, much of Asia, the Atlas Mountains of Africa, and North America,[1] but are now extirpated in some areas, and their populations have greatly decreased in other areas. There are approximately 200,000 brown bears left in the world.[2] The largest population is in Russia, with 120,000 individuals.[3] The brown bear occupies the largest range of habitats of any Ursus species with recorded observations in every temperate northern forest and at elevations as high as 5,000 m.[4]

Europe

In Europe, there are 14,000 brown bears in ten fragmented populations, from Spain (estimated at only 20–25 animals in the Pyrenees in 2010,[5][6] in a range shared between Spain, France and Andorra, and some 210 animals in Asturias, Cantabria, Galicia and León, in the Picos de Europa and adjacent areas in 2013[7]) in the west, to Russia in the east, and from Sweden and Finland in the north to Romania (4000–5000), Bulgaria (900–1200), Slovakia (with about 2500–3000 animals), Slovenia (1100 animals) and Greece (with >500 animals) in the north of the country.[8] They are extinct in the British Isles (at least 1,500 years ago, possibly even 3,000 years ago),[9][10] Denmark (about 6,500 years ago),[11] the Netherlands (about 1,000 years ago, although later singles rarely wandered from Germany),[12] Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany (in the year 1835, although singles wandering from Italy were recorded in 2006 and 2019),[13][14] Switzerland (in 1904, although a single was seen in 1923 and since 2005 there has been an increasing number of sightings of wanderers from Italy),[15][16] and Portugal (in 1843, although a wanderer from Spain was recorded in 2019),[17] endangered in France, and threatened in Spain and most of Central Europe. The Carpathian brown bear population of Romania is the largest in Europe outside Russia, estimated at 4,500 to 5,000 bears, although declining alarmingly due to overhunting.[18] There is also a smaller brown bear population in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine (estimated at about 200 in 2005), Slovakia (estimated at about 2500 - 3000 in 2020) and Poland (estimated at about 100 in 2009 in the latter country).[19] The total Carpathian population is estimated at about 8,000.[20] Northern Europe is home to a large bear population, with an estimated 2,500 (range 2,350–2,900) in Sweden, about 1,600 in Finland,[21] about 1,000 in Estonia and 70 in Norway. Another large and relatively stable population of brown bears in Europe, consisting of 2,500–3,000 individuals, is the Dinaric-Pindos (Balkans) population, with contiguous distribution in northeast Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria and Greece.[22]

The population of brown bears in the Pyrenees mountain range between Spain and France is extremely low, estimated at 14 to 18, with a shortage of females. Their rarity in this area has led biologists to release bears, mostly female, from Slovenia in spring 2006 to reduce the imbalance and preserve the species' presence in the area. The bears were released despite protests from French farmers. A small population of brown bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus) still lives in central Italy (the Apennine Mountains, Abruzzo and Latium), with no more than 50–60 individuals, protected by strong laws, but endangered by the human presence in the area.[citation needed] In 2020, a film crew working in Natural Park O Invernadeiro in Ourense, Galicia recorded the first brown bear in northwestern Spain in 150 years.[23]

Asia

In Asia, brown bears are found primarily throughout Russia, thence more spottily southwest to parts of the Middle East, to as far south as southwestern Iran, and to the southeast in a small area of Northeast China, Western China, and parts of North Korea, Pakistan, Afghanistan and India. They can also be found on the Japanese island of Hokkaidō, which holds the largest number of non-Russian brown bears in eastern Asia with about 2,000–3,000 animals.[24]

North America

Kodiak bears live in Alaska, east through the Yukon and Northwest Territories, south through British Columbia and through the western half of Alberta. The Alaskan population is estimated at a healthy 32,000 individuals.[25] Small populations of grizzly bears exist in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem of northwest Wyoming (with about 600 animals), the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem of northwest Montana (with about 750 animals), the Cabinet-Yaak Ecosystem of northwest Montana and northeast Idaho (with about 30–40 animals), the Selkirk Ecosystem of northeast Washington and northwest Idaho (with about 40–50 animals), and the North Cascades Ecosystem of northcentral Washington (with about 5–10 animals). These five ecosystems combine for a total of approximately 1,400-1,700 wild grizzlies still persisting in the contiguous United States.[26] These populations are isolated from each other, inhibiting any genetic flow between ecosystems. This poses one of the greatest threats to the future survival of the grizzly bear in the contiguous United States. Conservation efforts to increase this number begin with reducing human-bear interactions and creating protected wildlife spaces. Attempts at reintroduction have been made by wildlife advocates, but ultimately rejected by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.[27] The last California grizzly bear sighting was in 1924 and no specimens have been seen since.[28]

A small brown bear population once lived in the northern parts of Mexico, New Mexico, and Arizona.[29] This population is now extinct as the last known Mexican grizzly bear was shot in 1976.[30] These bears were smaller and lighter than the Canadian and United States brown bear population. Because of their lighter coloring, they were often referred to as “el oso plateado” (the silver bear).[29]

References

  1. ^ "Ancient bear made early migration". BBC News. November 12, 2004. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  2. ^ "Brown Bear | Species | WWF". WWF.
  3. ^ "Brown Bear". Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure. Archived from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
  4. ^ Hunter, Luke (2011). Carnivores of the world. Priscilla Barrett. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15228-8. OCLC 724663784.
  5. ^ "Neixen quatre cries d'ós bru als Pirineus". elperiodico.cat (in Catalan and Spanish). August 2, 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  6. ^ "Situació preocupant de l'ós bru als Pirineus" (in Catalan). ecologistasenaccion.org. May 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  7. ^ "Osos, el desafío de una población creciente". ABC (in Spanish). Spain.
  8. ^ Pylidis, Anijalg, Saarma et al. (2021) Multisource noninvasive genetics of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Greece. Ecology and Evolution. 11, 6427–6443. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.7493
  9. ^ "Lost history of brown bears in Britain revealed". BBC. July 4, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  10. ^ O'Regan, H.J. (2018). "The presence of the brown bear Ursus arctos in Holocene Britain: a review of the evidence" (PDF). Mammal Review. 48 (4): 229–244. doi:10.1111/mam.12127. S2CID 90432256.
  11. ^ "I forbindelse med et skoleprojekt spørger en læser, hvornår bjørnen uddøde i Danmark?" (in Danish). naturguide.dk. July 25, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  12. ^ Kuijper, W.J.; et al. (2016). "One of the last wild brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Netherlands (Noordwijk)". Lutra. 59 (1–2): 49–64.
  13. ^ "Brown bears expected to return to Germany". Deutsche Welle. February 6, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  14. ^ "First bear in Germany in 16 years". wilderness-society.org. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  15. ^ "Brown bear". nationalpark.ch. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  16. ^ "Bears in Switzerland: They are back, but still a problem". switzerlanding.com. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  17. ^ "The brown bear reappears in Portugal after almost two centuries". Euromontana. May 23, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  18. ^ "Proact Local Campaigns: Carpathian Brown Bear". Archived from the original on March 24, 2004. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  19. ^ "Carpathian Brown Bear Management Plan [in Poland]". carpathianbear.pl. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  20. ^ "Brown Bear – Population & Distribution: A Truly International Species". wwf.panda.org. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  21. ^ "Karhu" (in Finnish). suurpedot.fi. Archived from the original on November 7, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
  22. ^ Bear Online Information System for Europe Archived 2021-06-14 at the Wayback Machine. Kora.ch. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  23. ^ Guy, Jack. "Brown bear seen for first time in 150 years in northern Spanish park". CNN. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  24. ^ Carnivores of the World by Dr. Luke Hunter. Princeton University Press (2011), ISBN 9780691152288
  25. ^ "Brown Bear Research in Alaska". Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  26. ^ Rott, Nathan (February 2, 2019). "As Grizzlies Come Back, Frustration Builds Over Continued Protections". NPR. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  27. ^ "Federal Officials Discount Reintroduction, Recovery Proposals for Grizzly Bears in Long-Overdue Status Report". Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  28. ^ "Great grizzly bear hunt in Santa Paula backcountry reaps state flag icon, tall tales". Ventura County Star. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  29. ^ a b "Mexican Grizzly Bear (extinct)". Bear Conservation: working for bears. February 16, 2021.
  30. ^ Gallo-Reynoso, Juan-Pablo; Van Devender, Thomas; Reina-Guerrero, Ana Lilia; Egido-Villarreal, Janitzio; Pfeiler, Edward (June 2008). "Probable Occurrence of a Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) in Sonora, Mexico, in 1976". The Southwestern Naturalist. 53 (2): 256–260. doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2008)53[256:POOABB]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0038-4909. S2CID 85724524.
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