The district courts of Russia (Russian: районный суд or городской суд; also called rayon or raion courts) are primarily courts of first instance in the judiciary of Russia but sometimes hear appeals from magistrates' courts.^[1] They are formed in raion or areas (районах), urban areas (районах в городах), and cities (городах). Decisions of the court are appealed to the regional court.

As courts of first instance, they handle criminal cases where imprisonment is for more than 3 years, and consist of 1 judge and a jury where required.^[1][2] As courts of appeal from decisions of the magistrate courts consisting of 1 justice of the peace, they consist of 1 judge and retry the case.^[1]

They were called People's Courts until 1996.^[1]