It is the sole public school district in the District of Columbia.[2]
As of 2013, the District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) consisted of 111[3][4] of the 238 public elementary and secondary schools and learning centers in Washington, D.C. These schools span prekindergarten to twelfth grade. As of 2000, kindergarten students entered at 5 years old.[5]
School is compulsory for DCPS students between the ages of 5 and 18.[6]
DCPS schools typically start the last Monday in August. The school day generally lasts for about six hours.[citation needed]
Facilities reform legislation in the District of Columbia has led to many school openings and closings.
As of the 2020–2021 school year, there were 49,896 students and 4,335.12 classroom teachers.[1] As of 2020, the student-to-teacher ratio was 11.51, improved from 13.5 in 2006–07.[1] Student enrollment had peaked at 72,850 students, with a staff totaling 12,000. This sudden DCPS enrollment drop resulted from the Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007, which separated District of Columbia Public Charter Schools (DCPCS) from District of Columbia Public Schools.
The District of Columbia passed charter school legislation in 1996, which went into effect in September 1999. The legislation gave the District the power to grant charters for 15 years. Although this is longer than the traditional 3–5 year term observed in 31 other states, a required review occurs every five years. 4.4% of public school students enrolled in a charter school for the 1999 academic school year; the 28 schools had a total enrollment of approx. 3,000 students. After the legislation was enacted in 2007, chartering authority was placed under the D.C. Public Charter School Board and disaffiliated from DCPS. The governance of DCPS was also restructured, and the District was placed under the control of the Mayor. In 2010 about 38% of Washington, D.C. public school students attended 60 charter schools.[9] There are 52 public charter schools in the District, with 93 campuses and 30,000 students. The total number of public charter schools has been reduced from 60 schools on 96 campuses in 2008–09 to 53 schools on 98 campuses as of the 2011–12 school year. However, adding grades to the charter schools is still increasing enrollment and decreasing from DCPS' numbers.
Students
Health
In 2009, 43% of all DCPS public school students were overweight or obese. This was one of the highest rates in the United States.[10]
Dropout rate
In the graduating class of spring 2008, the average freshman graduation rate for DCPS was 56%‚ compared with a national average of 74.9%. This constituted a significant drop from the freshman graduation rate of 68.4% in 2002 and 68.8% as recently as 2005. In just the 2008–09 school year alone, 1,075 Black students dropped out of high school. This figure raises concern since 1,246 students dropped out of DCPS schools that year.[11]
However, these numbers are not meant to be misleading; the 62.8% freshman graduation rate of Black students in 2008 was above the state average.[citation needed][clarification needed]
Within DCPS, schools are classified as either a "neighborhood school" or a "destination school". Neighborhood schools are elementary or secondary schools assigned to students based on their address. Destination schools are feeder-schools for elementary or secondary institutions from a school a student is already attending. Since the fall of 2009, students may choose a destination school, regardless of their neighborhood location. Locations of all schools and the neighborhood divides can be found on the DCPS website.[12]
For the school year ending in spring 2007, the DCPS was governed by the District of Columbia State Board of Education, with eleven members, including two students who had the right to debate but not to vote. Five members were elected, and the Mayor appointed four. The board established DCPS policies and employed a superintendent to serve as chief executive officer of the school district, responsible for day-to-day operations. Four board members represented specific geographical boundaries, and the Board President was elected at large. One condition of the District of Columbia Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007 was creating DCPS as a separate cabinet-level agency from the D.C. Board of Education. This moved DCPS within the executive branch of the District of Columbia government—specifically, under Mayoral control. Currently, DCPS is subordinate to District of Columbia Mayor Muriel Bowser. D.C. Mayor Adrian Fenty proposed putting the public schools under the direct control of the Mayor's Office upon taking office in January 2007. However, this reform to District of Columbia Public Schools was encouraged by his predecessor and constituents at large. It also placed all of the District of Columbia public charter schools under the care of a new board—the District of Columbia Public Charter School Board (PCSB). Although these schools were previously a part of DCPS, they are now considered a separate district controlled by the D.C. Public Charter School Board (PCSB).
The D.C. Council passed the Mayor's proposal into law, but since the change amended the Home Rule Act, the change needed to gain federal approval before taking effect. D.C. Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton introduced H.R. 2080, a bill to amend the D.C. Home Rule Charter Act to provide for the Mayor's proposal. H.R. 2080 was passed by the United States House of Representatives under an expedited procedure on May 8, 2007, by a voice vote. After three U.S. Senators (Ben Cardin of Maryland, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana, and Carl Levin of Michigan) initially placed "holds" on the bill to prevent its consideration in the United States Senate, the Senate agreed to pass H.R. 2080 without amendment on May 22, 2007, by unanimous consent. On May 31, 2007, the bill was presented to the President, and President Bush signed H.R. 2080 into law on June 1, 2007. After the standard Congressional review period expired on June 12, 2007, the Mayor's office had direct control of the Superintendent and the school budget. On June 12, Mayor Fenty appointed Michelle Rhee the new Chancellor, replacing Superintendent Clifford B. Janey.
In January 2004, Congress passed the D.C. School Choice Incentive Act of 2003. The law established a federally-funded private school voucher program known as the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program (OSP). The OSP distributes vouchers to low-income families to cover private school tuition. Because there are more eligible applicants than available vouchers, they are distributed by lottery. In 2010, a randomized controlled trial conducted under the auspices of the Department of Education examined the impacts of the OSP students, finding that it raised graduation rates.[13] Students who were offered vouchers had a graduation rate of 82%, while those who used their vouchers had a graduation rate of 91%. By comparison, the rate for students who did not receive vouchers was only 70%. The study received the Department of Education's highest rating for scientific rigor.[14] Over 90% of the study's participants were African American, and most of the remainder were Latino American. Further research found that students who received vouchers were 25% more likely to enroll in college than students with similar demographic characteristics who did not receive vouchers.[15]
Marian Anderson controversy
In 1939, writing on behalf of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia now the District of Columbia State Board of Education, Ballou denied a request by contralto Marian Anderson to sing at the auditorium of the segregated white Central High School. As justification, he cited a federal law from 1906 requiring separate schools for the District. Meanwhile, the Daughters of the American Revolution had rejected a similar application. When Eleanor Roosevelt resigned from that organization in protest, author Zora Neale Hurston criticized her for remaining silent about the fact that the board had also excluded Anderson. "As far as the high-school auditorium is concerned," Hurston declared "to jump the people responsible for racial bias would be to accuse and expose the accusers themselves. The District of Columbia has no home rule; it is controlled by congressional committees, and Congress at the time was overwhelmingly Democratic. It was controlled by the very people who were screaming so loudly against the DAR. To my way of thinking, both places should have been denounced, or neither." Although Anderson later performed at an open-air concert at the Lincoln Memorial, the board retained its policy of exclusion.[16]
D.C. Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007
The Council of the District of Columbia enacted the DC Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007. This act established a DC public school agency based on authority given to the council in the District of Columbia Home Rule Act of 1973. The Department of Education that was established under the Mayor triggered several changes. The largest was already discussed—DCPCS gained sole authority over chartering and chartered schools, DCPS became subordinate to the Mayor's office. Secondly, many more minor authoritative changes took place. The first is that the State Education Office (SEO) became the State Superintendent of Education (OSSE). The four subsections of the District were reaffirmed through location-based State Board of Education selectees. In addition, the smaller eight school election wards were reaffirmed. Finally, the commission was established through this legislature. The "Commission" is the Interagency Collaboration and Services Integration Commission, which includes the Mayor, Chair of the Council of the District of Columbia, Chief Judge of the D.C. Superior Family Court, Superintendent of Education, Chancellor of DCPS, Chair of DCPCSB, and fourteen others.
After the 2007–2008 school year, about one-fifth of the teachers and one-third of the principals resigned, retired, or were terminated from DCPS. DCPS initially experienced a powerful negative impact due to the loss. A GAO-conducted study[17] recommended that the Mayor direct DCPS to establish planning processes for strikes and look to performance reviews from central offices to strengthen accountability. These recommendations were followed, and accountability has increased through academic and financial report generation. Increased accountability made way for other small reforms. One example is implementing a requirement that students entering ninth grade sit down with a school counselor and construct a course plan to reach graduation.
River Terrace Elementary School and Shaed Education Campus shut their doors at the end of the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 school years, respectively. Students attending River Terrace and Emery Education Campus moved to the Langley Building. In 2019, a proposal was submitted to close Metropolitan High School, an alternative school.[18]
No Child Left Behind compliance
In accordance with Section 1116, a provision of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), entitled "Academic Assessment and Local Education Agency and School Improvement", the Office of the State Superintendent of Education (OSSE) of the District of Columbia oversees compliance with Adequate Yearly ProgressArchived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (AYP). A large portion of meeting AYP is based on standardized-tests performance; the District used the summative assessment called the District of Columbia Comprehensive Assessment System ("DC CAS") through the 2013–2014 school year, after which it switched to tools from the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) and the National Center and State Collaborative (NCSC).[19][20][21]
Many schools fail to meet AYP, even though DCPS educators offer support and tools to students to be academically successful.[citation needed] DCPS has created an evaluation tool to assess schools by more than their standardized test scores. They call this a Quality School Review, which uses the Effective Schools Framework[22] to assess schools through rubrics on topics such as classroom observations, interviews with parents, students, teachers, and school leadership, staff surveys and reviewing artifacts (i.e., handbooks, student work).[23] In 2007, Karin Hess of the National Center for the Improvement of Educational Assessment conducted an analysis that has also gone into the alignment of DCPS standards and the "DC CAS Alt", the assessment for students with cognitive disabilities.[citation needed]
Budget
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, DCPS had a budget of $1.2 billion and spent $29,409 per pupil in FY 2009–10.[24]
In 1989–90, DCPS reported spending $10,200 (1999 adj. dollars) per pupil. A decade later, in 1999–2000, its reported per-pupil expenditures had increased to $11,500. However, those figures likely underreport DCPS's actual total per-pupil expenditures. In 2012, the Cato Institute's Andrew J. Coulson showed that DCPS's reported per-pupil expenditures figures were based on incomplete data.[25] That year, the U.S. Census Bureau had reported that DCPS's 2008–09 per-pupil expenditures were $18,181, but DCPS officials had neglected to include about $400 million in spending. Informed by Coulson's observations, the U.S. Census Bureau revised its data collection methods and reported that per-pupil expenditures were $28,170.[26] Those revisions are reflected in the Bureau's 2009–10 reports.[citation needed]
In FY 2009–2010, the District received 6.7% of its total elementary and secondary education revenues from federal sources.[24]
Statistics
In 2008, in terms of testing 36% of students demonstrated proficiency in mathematics and 39% demonstrated proficiency in reading.[27]
The average educator was paid $67,000 in 2010. A contract signed in 2010 was expected to raise that figure to $81,000 in 2012.[28]
Many of the District's public schools are undergoing evolving relationships with the central office as they seek to compete for students leaving the system for charter schools. According to school choice researcher Erin Dillon, "In its winning application for federal Race to the Top funds, DCPS, for example, touted its three models for autonomous schools: The aptly named 'Autonomous Schools,' which are granted autonomy as a reward for high performance; 'Partnership Schools,' which are run by outside organizations that are granted autonomy in the hope of dramatically improving performance; and the 'D.C. Collaborative for Change,' or DC3, a joint effort of some of the District's highest- and lowest-performing schools that have been granted autonomy as a tool for innovating with curriculum and professional development. (Meanwhile, highly autonomous charter schools, a growing presence in the District of Columbia, educate almost 40 percent of the city's public school students.)"[29]
^Ida B. Wells Middle School opened in August 2019 with a sixth-grade class. It will add one grade each school year until it has sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade students.[30]
Below is a partial list of superintendents and chancellors of the D.C. Public School system. The head of the school system was known as "Superintendent" until June 2007, when the post was renamed "Chancellor".
In 2018, WAMU and NPR reported that a reported increase in graduation rates had been inflated by high schools who granted diplomas to students who should have failed, according to city law.[61] According to The Washington Post, only 46 percent of the school district's public school students were on track to graduate in 2018 after the school system began to adhere to stricter attendance policies.[62]
^"State Education Data Profiles". National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences, Department of Education. 2009–2010. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
^Paige, Rod (July 2003). "District of Columbia Public Schools--School Locator"(PDF). Overview and Inventory of State Education Reforms: 1990–2000. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Department of Education. p. 137.
^Feinberg, Lawrence (September 1, 1970). "Detroit Administrator Hugh J. Scott Named D.C. School Superintendent". The Washington Post. p. A1; Prince, Richard E. (January 10, 1973). "Scott to Quit D.C. Schools In October". The Washington Post. p. A1.
^"D.C. Names Woman, 38, Acting Superintendent". The Washington Post. June 5, 1973. p. C5.
^ abPrince, Richard E. (August 8, 1973). "D.C. School Board Names Mrs. Sizemore by 7-3 Vote". The Washington Post. p. C1.
^Hamilton, Martha M. (October 10, 1975). "City School Board Fires Sizemore, 7 to 4". The Washington Post. p. A1.
^Hamilton, Martha M. (October 12, 1975). "Supt. Reed Seen as a Strong Leader". The Washington Post. p. A15; Daniels, Lee (March 18, 1976). "Diggs Fails To Halt Reed Appointment". The Washington Post. p. A1; Valente, Judith (January 9, 1981). "School Chief Is Sought From Area". The Washington Post. p. B1.
^Feinberg, Lawrence (January 4, 1981). "Acting Head of City's Schools Is a Man of Verse in Adversity". The Washington Post. p. A1.
^Valente, Judith (June 18, 1981). "McKenzie Named D.C. School Chief". The Washington Post. p. A1.
^ ab"Acting D.C. School Chief Named". The Washington Post. January 29, 1988. p. C4.
^Sanchez, Rene; Pink, Daniel H. (May 25, 1988). "Insider Jenkins to Head D.C. Schools". The Washington Post. p. A1; Sanchez, Rene; Pink, Daniel H. (July 13, 1990). "Jenkins to Stay On for Final Year". The Washington Post. p. A1.
^ abRichardson, Lynda (May 16, 1991). "D.C. Schools Chief to Make $131,000". The Washington Post. p. C3.
^ abVise, David (November 6, 1996). "D.C. Control Board to Oust Superintendent, Sources Say". The Washington Post. p. D1.
^Wilgoren, Debbi; Loeb, Vernon (March 27, 1998). "D.C. Schools Chief Resigns". The Washington Post. p. A1.
^Williams, Vanessa (March 28, 1998). "Ladner Optimistic On School Shake-Up". The Washington Post. p. B10; Blum, Justin; Strauss, Valerie (May 18, 2000). "Ackerman Quits As D.C. School Superintendent". The Washington Post. p. A1.
^"Control Board Signs Contract With Vance". The Washington Post. July 19, 2000. p. B3.
^Blum, Justin; Nakamura, David (November 15, 2003). "Vance Resigns as Chief of D.C. Schools". The Washington Post. p. A1.
^"Metro: In Brief". The Washington Post. November 20, 2003. p. B3.
^ abBlum, Justin (April 2, 2004). "Temporary Chief Of Schools Named". The Washington Post. p. B1.
^Chan, Sewell (September 12, 2004). "Acting Superintendent Made an Impression in the Interim". The Washington Post. p. C5.
^Williams, Clarence; Strauss, Valerie (September 16, 2004). "Janey Takes Reins at Schools". The Washington Post. p. B01.
^ abNakamura, David (June 12, 2007). "Fenty To Oust Janey Today". The Washington Post. p. A1.
^Stewart, Nikita (July 11, 2007). "D.C. Council Approves Rhee as Schools Chief". The Washington Post. p. B1.
^ abCraig, Tim; Turque, Bill (October 13, 2010). "Rhee to resign as schools chancellor". The Washington Post. p. A1.
^Turque, Bill; Clement, Scott (June 22, 2011). "Ratings up for District schools". The Washington Post. p. A1.
