Dobermann
Adult bitch
Other names	Doberman Pinscher
Common nicknames	Dobie, Doberman
Origin	Germany
Traits Height Males 68 to 72 cm (27 to 28 in)[1] Females 63 to 68 cm (25 to 27 in)[1] Weight Males 40–45 kg (88–99 lb)[1] Females 32–35 kg (71–77 lb)[1] Coat short Color black & tan, red & tan Life span 9–12 years
Kennel club standards VDH standard Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The Dobermann^[a] is a German breed of medium-large domestic dog of pinscher type. It was originally bred in Thuringia in about 1890 by Louis Dobermann, a tax collector.^[2] It has a long muzzle and – ideally – an even and graceful gait. The ears were traditionally cropped and the tail docked, practices which are now illegal in many countries.

The Dobermann is intelligent, alert and tenaciously loyal; it is kept as a guard dog or as a companion animal.^[3] In Canada and the United States it is known as the Doberman Pinscher.

History

Dobermanns were first bred in the 1880s by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a tax collector who ran a dog pound in Apolda, in Thuringia in central Germany. With access to dogs of many breeds, he got the idea to create a breed that would be ideal for protecting him. He set out to breed a new type of dog that would exhibit impressive stamina, strength, and intelligence. Five years after Dobermann's death, Otto Goeller, one of the earliest breeders, created the National Doberman Pinscher Club and is considered to have perfected the breed, breeding and refining them in the 1890s.^[4][5]

The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that Dobermann was looking for. The exact ratios of mixing, and even the exact breeds that were used, remain uncertain, although many experts believe that the Dobermann Pinscher is a combination of several breeds including the Beauceron, German Pinscher, Rottweiler and Weimaraner.^[6] The single exception is the documented crossing with the Greyhound and Manchester Terrier. It is also widely believed that the old German Shepherd was the single largest contributor to the Dobermann breed. Philip Greunig's The Dobermann Pinscher (1939) describes the breed's early development by Otto Goeller, who helped to establish the breed.^{[citation needed]} The American Kennel Club believes the breeds utilized to develop the Dobermann Pinscher may have included the old shorthaired shepherd, Rottweiler, Black and Tan Terrier and the German Pinscher.^[2]

After Dobermann's death in 1894, the Germans named the breed Dobermann-pinscher in his honor, but a half century later dropped the word 'pinscher' on the grounds that this German word for 'terrier' was no longer appropriate. The British did the same a few years later; now the US and Canada are the only countries who continue to use Pinscher and have dropped an "n" from Dobermann's surname.^[6]

During World War II, the United States Marine Corps adopted the Doberman Pinscher as its official war dog, although the Corps did not exclusively use this breed in the role.^{[citation needed]}

In 2013 a list of breeds by annual number of registrations, based on a survey of member clubs of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, placed the Dobermann 26th, with 20941 new registrations per year.^[7] Statistics compiled by the AKC for 2009 placed the Doberman Pinscher 15th, with 10233 registrations in that year.^[8]

Appearance

The dog was originally intended as a guard dog,^[9][10] so males typically have a muscular and intimidating appearance.^[9][10] Females are usually thinner, but should not be spindly. The AKC breed standard differs from the FCI standards, with the latter being an often larger and heavier dog. This has led some to argue that Dobermanns and Doberman Pinschers should be considered and evaluated differently.^[9]

Size and proportions

Although the breed standards vary among kennel and breed clubs, most follow the standard set by the FCI, which describes the size of male dogs as 68 to 72 centimetres (27 to 28 in) at the withers;^[1] The Kennel Club in the UK quotes 69 centimetres (27 in) as being ideal.^[11] The size of female dogs, according to the same standards, is 63 to 68 centimetres (25 to 27 in),^[1] with 65 centimetres (26 in) being ideal.^[11] The Dobermann has a square frame; its length should equal its height to the withers and the length of its head, neck, and legs should be in proportion to its body.^[9]

The standards for the weight of the Dobermann are also described by the FCI. The ideal dog must be of a sufficient size for an optimal combination of strength, endurance and agility.^[11] The ideal weight of male dogs is described as 40–45 kilograms (88–99 lb)^[1] and the ideal weight of female dogs is described to be 32–35 kilograms (71–77 lb).^[1]

Color

Two different color genes exist in the Dobermann: one for black (B) and one for color dilution (D). There are nine possible combinations of these alleles, which can result in four different color phenotypes: black, blue, red, and fawn (Isabella).^[12] The traditional and most common color occurs when both the color and dilution genes have at least one dominant allele (i.e., BBDD, BBDd, BbDD or BbDd) and is commonly referred to as black, black and rust, or black and tan. The red, red rust, or brown coloration occurs when the black gene has two recessive alleles but the dilution gene has at least one dominant allele (i.e., bbDD, bbDd). The blue Dobermann has the color gene with at least one dominant allele and the dilution gene with both recessive alleles (i.e., BBdd or Bbdd). The fawn coloration is the least common, occurring only when both the color and dilution genes have two recessive alleles (i.e., bbdd). Thus, the blue color is a diluted black, and the fawn color is a diluted red.^{[citation needed]}

Expression of the color dilution gene is a disorder called color dilution alopecia, a kind of canine follicular dysplasia. Although not life-threatening, these dogs can develop skin problems.^[13]

In 1976, a "white" Doberman Pinscher was whelped^{[14][better source needed]} and was subsequently bred to her son, who was also bred to his litter sisters. This tight inbreeding continued for some time to allow the breeders to "fix" the mutation. This severe inbreeding not only intensified the production of "white" dogs, it also amplified their health problems. White Dobermans are not recognized within professional breeders and continue to be reproduced by unethical breeders marketing them as rare in order to charge more for an animal that would never win a show competition. The white colored Doberman is prone to suffer long term medical conditions ranging from: poor hearing or complete deafness, poor vision or complete blindness, behavioral/temperament issues, cancers (predominately skin cancer), amongst others. White/Albino Dobermanns are actually a cream color with white markings, blue eyes, and pink nose. Although this is consistent with albinism, the proper characterization of the mutation is currently unknown. The animals are commonly known as tyrosinase-positive albinoids, lacking melanin in oculocutaneous structures.^{[15][better source needed]} This condition is caused by a partial deletion in the SLC45A2 gene.^[16]

Tail

The Dobermann's natural tail is fairly long, but individual dogs often have a short tail as a result of docking, a procedure in which the majority of the tail is surgically removed shortly after birth.^{[citation needed]}

The practice of docking has been around for centuries and is older than the Dobermann as a breed.^[17] The historical reason for docking is to ensure that the tail does not get in the way of the dog's work.^[17] Docking and cropping (see below) have been written out of the Breed Standard by FCI and the International Dobermann Club (IDC), and dogs born after 2016 will not be allowed to participate in FCI or IDC shows without a full tail and natural ears.^{[citation needed]} In the UK, dogs with docked tails have been banned from show for a number of years^{[citation needed]} and the practice is now illegal for native born dogs.^[18] Docking is illegal in all European Union states,^[19] as well as Australia.^[20] The AKC standard for Doberman Pinschers includes a tail docked near the 2nd vertebra.^[9]

Ears

Dobermanns often have their ears cropped.^[21] According to the Doberman Pinscher Club of America, ears are "normally cropped and carried erect".^[22] Like tail docking, ear cropping is illegal in many countries^[23] and has never been legal in some Commonwealth countries.^{[citation needed]}

Intelligence

Canine intelligence is an umbrella term that encompasses the faculties involved in a wide range of mental tasks, such as learning, problem-solving, and communication. The Doberman Pinscher has been ranked amongst the most intelligent dog breeds in experimental studies and expert evaluations. Psychologist Stanley Coren ranks the Dobermann as the 5th most intelligent dog in the category of obedience command training, based on the selective surveys answered by experienced trainers (as documented in his book The Intelligence of Dogs). Additionally, in two studies, Hart and Hart (1985) ranked the Doberman Pinscher first in the same category,^[24] and Tortora (1980) gave the Dobermann the highest rank in general trainability.^[25]

Temperament

Although they are considered to be working dogs, Dobermanns are often stereotyped as being ferocious and aggressive.^[26]

There is some evidence that Doberman Pinschers in North America have a calmer and more even temperament than their European counterparts because of the breeding strategies employed by American breeders.^[27]

There is a great deal of scientific evidence that Doberman Pinschers have a number of stable psychological traits, such as certain personality factors and intelligence. As early as 1965, studies have shown that there are several broad behavioral traits that significantly predict behavior and are genetically determined.^[28] Subsequently, there have been numerous scientific attempts to quantify canine personality or temperament by using statistical techniques for assessing personality traits in humans. These studies often vary in terms of the personality factors they focus on and in terms of ranking breeds differently along these dimensions. One such study found that Doberman Pinschers, compared to other breeds, rank high in playfulness, average in curiosity/fearlessness, low on aggressiveness, and low on sociability.^[29] Another such study ranked Doberman Pinschers low on reactivity/surgence and high on aggression/disagreeableness and openness/trainability.^[30]

In addition to the studies of canine personality, there has been some research to determine whether there are breed differences in aggression. In a study published in 2008, aggression was divided into four categories: aggression directed at strangers, owner, strange dogs, and rivalry with other household dogs.^[31] This study found that the Doberman Pinscher ranked relatively high on stranger-directed aggression, but extremely low on owner-directed aggression. The Doberman Pinscher ranked as average on dog-directed aggression and dog rivalry. Looking only at bites and attempted bites, Doberman Pinschers rank as far less aggressive towards humans and show less aggression than many breeds without a reputation (e.g., Cocker Spaniel, Dalmatian, and Great Dane). This study concluded that aggression has a genetic basis, that the Dobermann shows a distinctive pattern of aggression depending on the situation and that contemporary Doberman Pinschers are not an aggressive breed overall.^[31]

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, between 1979 and 1998, the Doberman Pinscher was involved in attacks on humans resulting in fatalities less frequently than several other dog breeds such as Pit bulls, German Shepherd Dogs, Rottweilers, Husky-type dogs, wolf-dog hybrids and Alaskan Malamutes.^[32][33] According to this Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study, one of the most important factors contributing to dog bites is the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners.^[34]

Health

Life expectancy

A UK study of patient records found a life expectancy of 9.2 years with a sample size of 37.^[35] A survey of breed club members in the UK found a life expectancy of 10.5 years with a sample size of 100.^[36] A survey of Danish Kennel Club members found a life expectancy of 11 with a sample size of 31.^[37]

Cardiac health

Cardiac issues are a common cause of death in the breed with 15% of deaths being cardiac related according to a UK survey.^[36]Data from the University of Purdue Medical Veterinary Database found the breed to be predisposed to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with 5.8% of Dobermanns having the condition.^[38] Another study in America found a prevalence of 7.32% for the condition.^[39] An English study of 369 cases found the Dobermann make up 16% of those.^[40] This disease impacts Dobermanns more severely than other breeds with an average survival time of 52 days compared to 240 days for other breeds.^[41] This is possibly due to the type of DCM that affects the Dobermann differing.^[42] Research has shown that the breed is affected by an attenuated wavy fiber type of DCM that affects many other breeds,^[43] as well as an additional fatty infiltration-degenerative type that appears to be specific to Dobermann Pinscher and Boxer breeds.^[43] This serious disease is likely to be fatal in most Dobermanns affected.^[43]

Roughly a quarter of Dobermann Pinschers who develop cardiomyopathy die suddenly from seemingly unknown causes,^[43][44][45] and an additional fifty percent die of congestive heart failure.^[45] Among female Dobermanns, the sudden death manifestation of the disease is more common, whereas males tend to develop congestive heart failure.^[46] In addition to being more prevalent in Dobermanns, this disease is also more serious in the breed. Following a diagnosis, the average non-Dobermann has an expected survival time of 8 months; for Dobermann Pinschers, however, the expected survival time is less than two months.^[41] Although the causes for the disease are largely unknown, there is evidence that it is a familial disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.^[47]

Dermatology

The Dobermann is predisposed to the following dermatological conditions: acral lick dermatitis; chin pyoderma, acne, or folliculitis; cutaneous drug eruptions; colour dilution alopecia; demodicosis; follicular dysplasia; interdigital haemorrhagic bulla, pedal furunculosis or cyst; pemphigus foliaceus; and vitiligo.^[48]

Other conditions

Other conditions that the breed is predisposed to include: von Willebrand's disease,^[49] and prostatic disease.^[50] Canine compulsive disorder was found to be prevalent in 28% of Dobermanns in one study.^[51] The breed is predisposed to hypothyroidism^[48] with one US study finding 6.3% of Dobermanns to have the condition compared to 1.54% for mixed-breeds.^[39] The Dobermann is also predisposed to gastric dilatation volvulus.^[52] A study of 295 cases in America found 6.1% of cases to belong to the Dobermann.^[53] Another American study of 1,934 cases found an odds ratio of 5.5 for the Dobermann.^[54]

Skeletal conditions

A North American study reviewing over a million dogs examined at veterinary teaching hospitals found the Dobermann to have a noticeably lower prevalence of hip dysplasia with 1.34% of Dobermanns having hip dysplasia compared to 3.52% overall.^[55] Another North American study of over 1,000,000 and 250,000 hip and elbow scans found the Dobermann to be among the 15 breeds least likely to have both hip and elbow dysplasia. 5.7% of Dobermanns over the age of 2 years had hip dysplasia and 0.8% had elbow dysplasia.^[56]

A US study of the records of over 90,000 dogs found the Dobermann to be predisposed to intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), with 12.7% of Dobermanns having the condition compared to 4.43% for mixed-breeds.^[39]

Notable Dobermanns

• Graf Belling v. Grönland: first registered Dobermann, in 1898.^[57]
• First Dobermann registered with the American Kennel Club, 1908^[2]
• Cappy, a Dobermann who saved the lives of 250 U.S. Marines when he alerted them to Japanese soldiers. Another Dobermann named Kurt became the first K-9 casualty, 23 July, when he was mortally wounded by a Japanese grenade. Kurt was the first to be buried in what would become the War Dog Cemetery and he is the dog depicted in bronze sitting quiet but alert atop the World War II War Dog Memorial. Cappy, Kurt and 23 other Dobermanns whose names are inscribed on the memorial, died fighting with the US Marine Corps against Japanese forces on Guam in 1944.^[58]
• Ch. Rancho Dobe's Storm: consecutive Westminster Best in Show (1952, 1953).^[59]
• Bingo von Ellendonk: first Dobermann to score 300 points (perfect score) in Schutzhund.^[60]
• Ch. Borong the Warlock: won his championship title in three countries, including 230 Best of Breed, 30 Specialty Show "bests", six all-breed Best in Show, and 66 Working Groups. He was the only Dobermann ever to have won the Doberman Pinscher Club of America National Specialty Show three times, and in 1961 five Dobermann specialists judged him Top in the breed in an annual Top Ten competition event.^[61]
• Tunga: Female Doberman Pinscher police dog in Karnataka India, who is famous for uncovering more than 50 murders and 60 thefts including one case where she ran more than 12 km to catch the murderer.^[62]